Self-reported adverse childhood experiences and quality of life among children in the two last grades of Dutch elementary education |
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| Institution: | 1. TNO, Department of Child Health, Leiden, the Netherlands;2. Augeo Foundation, Driebergen, the Netherlands;1. Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil;2. Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil;1. School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;2. OPTENTIA, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa;3. Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;4. Australian Centre for Health Law Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia;5. Institute for Community Health Research, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam;6. Institute of Political Sciences and Centre for Environment and Development (ZEU), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany;7. Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Johann Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany;8. Institute of Child Health, Athens, Greece;1. Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA;2. Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA;3. Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA;4. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA;1. Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY;2. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY;3. Statistical Research Consultants, LLC., Schaumburg, Ill;4. University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif;5. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY;6. Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio;7. American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, Ill;8. New York State Office of Mental Health, Albany, NY;1. WHO Collaborating Centre on Investment for Health and Well-being, Public Health Wales, Wrexham, UK;2. College of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Wrexham, UK;3. Psychology Department, Glyndwr University, Wrexham, UK;4. WHO Regional Office for Europe, United Nations Campus, Bonn, Germany;1. Program in Public Health and Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, HSC Level 3, Stony Brook University (State University of New York), Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States;2. Program in Public Health, HSC Level 3, Stony Brook University (State University of New York), Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States;3. Department of Sociology and Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk (272 McNeil Building), Philadelphia, PA 19104-6298, United States |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundAdverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) may have a life-long impact on mental health and are related to physical disease, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. Research on ACEs suffers from recall bias when performed with adults.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of ACEs and the interrelationships between ACEs as reported by children, and to determine the impact on their self-reported quality of life (QoL). Children’s opinions on the ACE-Questionnaire were also obtained.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted with a child version of the ACE-Questionnaire. This questionnaire assesses parental separation or divorce, physical and emotional child abuse and neglect, sexual violence, domestic violence, household substance abuse, psychological issues or suicide, and incarceration of a household member. QoL was measured with the Kidscreen-10.Participants and settingThe questionnaire was completed by 644 children at a mean age of 11 years (range 9–13 years), in the two last grades of regular elementary schools, recruited throughout the Netherlands.ResultsData were weighted by ethnicity to obtain a representative sample of children in Dutch elementary education. Of all children, 45.3% had one or more out of ten ACEs. Child maltreatment was experienced by 26.4%. ACEs often co-occurred. A higher number of ACEs correlated with a lower mean level of QoL (p < 0.001). Mean QoL was 8.5 points lower (Cohen’s d = 0.8) in children who experienced child maltreatment. Children’s opinions on the questionnaire were positive in 82.4%.ConclusionPrevention of ACEs, professional training and trauma-focus in schools are urgently needed. |
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| Keywords: | Child abuse Child neglect Sexual abuse Maltreatment Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) Quality of life Self-Report |
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