Parsing dimensions of family violence exposure in early childhood: Shared and specific contributions to emergent psychopathology and impairment |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States;2. Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States;3. Posthumously, University of Illinois – Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States;4. Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States;1. yjackson@ku.edu;2. Joy.l.gabrielli@dartmouth.edu;1. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States;2. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States;3. Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States;4. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States;1. University of Florida, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, 1225 Center Dr., Rm 3130, Gainesville, FL, 32610;2. Penn State University, Department of Psychology, 219 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16801;1. The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States;2. Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States;3. Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States;4. Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States;1. Department of Medical Social Sciences and the Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, IL;2. Northwestern University, Chicago;3. Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago;4. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA;5. National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD;6. University of Connecticut, Farmington;1. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts;2. University of Washington, Seattle;3. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill |
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| Abstract: | Early childhood exposure to family violence predicts increased risk for psychopathology. However, violence between partners and towards children often co-occur. This complicates efforts to determine how experiences of family violence contribute to early mental health problems. Utilizing mother-report data on harsh parenting and intimate partner violence (IPV) from two large community-based, socioeconomically and ethnically diverse samples of 3–5-year-old children, we illustrate the value of a bifactor method for characterizing a family climate in which verbal and physical violence are more chronic and pervasive among family members. In our Calibration sample (N = 1,179), we demonstrate the fit of a bifactor model with a shared violence factor reflecting violence among partners and towards children and orthogonal factors for physically harsh parenting and IPV. Examination of item distributions along quartiles on the identified factors reveals that violent behaviors are most frequent/chronic in families with high scores on the shared violence factor. Next, we apply this model in Validation (N = 1,316) and lab-visit samples (N = 369). Children’s symptoms and impairment showed relatively strong and consistent associations with the shared factor. Some unique associations with IPV and harsh parenting were also observed. Overall, patterns suggest particularly negative impact when verbal and physical violence are more chronic and pervasive among family members. Finally, evidence supporting the bifactor model’s validity relative to multi-method data from coded interviews about child abuse and IPV and observed parenting is presented. Findings illustrate the value of a bifactor approach for the meaningful characterization of shared and specific features of family violence. |
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| Keywords: | Family violence Intimate partner violence Harsh parenting Internalizing Externalizing Preschoolers |
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