Signs of attachment disorders and social functioning among early adolescents with a history of institutional care |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Piazza dell''Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy;2. NADIA Onlus, Verona, Italy;1. University of Bielefeld, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Sciences, P.O. Box 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany;2. University of Braunschweig, Institute of Psychology, Humboldtstr. 33, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;3. University Hospital Aachen, Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuenhoferweg 21, 52074 Aachen, Germany;4. JARA-Brain Institute II, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, RWTH Aachen & Research Centre Juelich, Germany;5. Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Germany;1. Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, M5B 2K3 Toronto, Ontario, Canada;2. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Offord Centre for Child Studies, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;3. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada;4. Psychiatric Neurogenetics Section, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada;5. Department of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, M4N 3M5 Toronto, Ontario, Canada;6. Cosumnes River College, 8401 Center Parkway, Sacramento, CA 95823-5704, USA |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundInstitutional rearing is associated with increased risk for reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED). Disorders of attachment involve disturbances in children’s primary caregiving relationships, and are likely to disturb multiple domains of social functioning.ObjectiveTo examine associations between signs of RAD and DSED and social functioning in early adolescence.Participants and settingOur participants were 110 children with a history of institutional rearing and 50 community comparison adolescents from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, based in Bucharest, Romania. Participants were assessed at age 12 years (M age in years = 12.80, SD = 0.71).MethodSigns of RAD and DSED were obtained through caregiver report. Reports of social functioning were provided by caregivers and teachers. General and specific domains of social functioning were identified using bi-factor modeling. A general social functioning factor and four specific factors were revealed: peer conflict, caregiver views as victim, teacher views as victim, and social competence.ResultsSigns of RAD predicted poorer general social functioning (β=-0.36, p < .01, 95% confidence interval CI] -.33, -.09]) and poorer social competence (β=-0.38, p < .01, 95% CI-0.05, -.01]) above and beyond time spent in institutional care and placement disruptions. Signs of DSED (β=-0.38, p < .001, 95% CI-0.49, -.16]) along with placement disruptions (β=-0.22, p < .05, 95% CI-.29, -.01]) predicted poorer general social functioning above and beyond time spent in institutional care. Signs of DSED predicted higher scores on caregiver views as victim (β = 0.29, p < .05, 95% CI0.02, 0.14]) and lower scores on social competence (β=-0.29, p < .01, 95% CI-.06, -.01]) above and beyond time spent in institutional care and placement disruptions.ConclusionsAttachment disorder signs in early adolescence are problematic for social functioning, although the manifestation of these social difficulties differs based on whether RAD or DSED signs are present. |
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| Keywords: | Reactive attachment disorder Disinhibited social engagement disorder Social functioning Institutionalization Bi-factor modeling |
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