| 传统对外观念对晚清外交的影响 |
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| 引用本文： | 李育民.传统对外观念对晚清外交的影响[J].中国文化研究,2020(1):166-180. |
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| 作者姓名： | 李育民 |
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| 作者单位： | 湖南师范大学历史文化学院 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家社科基金一般项目“晚清条约关系观念的形成及其演变研究”(14BZS055);重大项目“近代中外条约关系通史”(14ZDB045)的阶段性成果。 |
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| 摘 要： | 传统对外观念对晚清外交产生了重要的作用和影响。中国古代没有近代外交观念,实施的是所谓羁縻之道,其"羁縻勿绝"观念成了清政府议抚求和的直接理由,并融入到条约关系之中。历代王朝的"怀柔远人"和"一视同仁"观念,将与他国交往视为单向赐予,在晚清便利了列强向中国进行勒索,且得以均沾他国所攫取的各种特权。"因俗而治"和"不治治之"的观念和方针,对清政府让弃主权产生了深刻影响,且在涉及朝贡关系的交涉中也处于被动,但其中蕴有尊重他国主权的要素。春秋时期产生的"要盟无质"或"要盟不信"观念,在列强以武力强迫中国订立不平等约的背景下,自然而然地转为本能的抵拒,并留下了具有某种价值的思想资源。其他如天朝观念等亦产生重要影响。传统对外观念虽有消极的一面,但含有构建和谐国际社会的积极因素。
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| 关 键 词： | 传统 对外观念 晚清外交 |
The Influence of Traditional Attitudes towards Foreigners on Diplomacy in the Late Qing Dynasty |
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| Li Yumin.The Influence of Traditional Attitudes towards Foreigners on Diplomacy in the Late Qing Dynasty[J].Chinese Culture Research,2020(1):166-180. |
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| Authors: | Li Yumin |
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| Abstract: | The traditional attitudes towards foreigners played an important role in the diplomacy of the late Qing Dynasty. There was no ideas of modern diplomacy but so-called "doctrine of bridle" in ancient China. The idea of "no stopping of the doctrine of bridle" had become the direct reason for the Qing government to negotiate and to seek peace with the imperialist powers, and was integrated into the treaty relationship. The idea of "conciliating the minorities" and "non-discrimination" that all previous dynasties took as one-way grant when communicating with other countries, facilitated the imperialist powers to extort from China in the late Qing dynasty, with the privileges they seized equitably shared. The idea as well as the policy of "governing by customs" and "governing without governance", containing the element of respecting the sovereignty of other countries, had a profound impact on Qing government’s surrender of sovereignty, thus also led to a passive negotiation involving the tributary relations. Under the background of the imperialist powers’ forcing China to sign the unequal treaties, the idea of the "untrustworthy treaty of alliance" which came into being during the Spring and Autumn period, naturally turned into an instinctive refusal and left some valuable ideological resources. There were some other important influences such as the idea of "tianchao天朝". Though the traditional attitudes towards foreigners have its negative aspects, they contains the positive factors to build a harmonious international society. |
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| Keywords: | tradition attitudes towards foreigners diplomacy in the late Qing dynasty |
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