Characterization of the organic materials used in the painting of the vaulted ceiling at the Saadian Tomb of Mulay Ahmed Al-Mansour (Marrakech) |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy;2. Laboratoire de Chimie Organométallique et Macromoléculaire–Matériaux Composites, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco;3. Laboratoire de dynamique des bassins et géomantique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco;4. Inspection des monuments historiques, Marrakech, Morocco;1. HERCULES Laboratory, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-554 Évora, Portugal;2. Évora Chemistry Centre, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal;3. University of Évora, Chemistry Department, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal;4. Ghent University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281-S12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;5. José de Figueiredo Conservation and Restoration Laboratory, Institute of Museums and Conservation, Rua das Janelas Verdes 37, 1249-018 Lisboa, Portugal;1. Istituto per la Conservazione e la Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali, CNR, via Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy;2. Dip. Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy;1. Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Julianalaan 134, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands;2. TNO, PO Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands;1. Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy;2. Laboratorio di Fisica e Tecnologie Relative–UniNetLab, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy;3. Dipartimento Energia, Ingegneria dell’Informazione e Modelli Matematici, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 9, 90128 Palermo, Italy;4. PH3DRA Laboratories (PHysics for Dating Diagnostics Dosimetry Research and Applications), Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Catania & INFN Sezione di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy;1. Scientific Laboratory, Federal Office for the Protection of Monuments, Arsenal 15/4, 1030 Vienna, Austria;2. Department of Construction Technology and Management, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, M?egyetem rkp. 3. K.II.17, 1111 Budapest, Hungary;3. Institute of Art and Technology – Conservation Sciences, University of Applied Arts Vienna, Salzgries 14/1, 1010 Vienna, Austria;4. Faculty of Restoration, University of Pardubice, Jira?kova 3, 57001 Litomy?l, Czech Republic |
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| Abstract: | The Saadian tombs from the era of sultan Ahmed al-Mansour (1574–1603) are beautifully decorated and have always been a major attraction for visitors to Marrakesh. The central mausoleum, named the Hall of Twelve Columns, encloses the tombs of Ahmed al-Mansour and his family. The hall has a huge vaulted ceiling, carved cedar doors, opening windows with wooden marquetry screen (Mashrabiya), and grey Italian marble columns. This paper presents the first attempt to identify the organic materials used by the Moroccan artisans. A GC/MS analytical procedure was used for the characterization of lipids, waxes, resins, pitch, tar, proteinaceous and saccharide materials in the same paint micro-sample. The analytical study identified the organic materials used in the polychrome and gilded decorations of the walls, ceiling and dome of the hall. Data showed that the polychrome decorations were painted using animal glue as a binder, and highlighted the treatment of the wall surface with linseed oil and the retouching of the paintings based on a saccharide binder. The use of a proteinaceous-resinous-oil mixture, applied on a proteinaceous preparation layer, for the gilded decorations revealed a very similar technique to that used at the time in Europe for mural paintings. |
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| Keywords: | GC/MS Saadian Tombs Gilding mordant Pine resin Natural Gum Restoration treatment |
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