Educational mobility across generations of formally and informally employed: Evidence from Pakistan |
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| Institution: | 1. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE), Islamabad, Pakistan;2. University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia;1. Unit of Research Studies and Indicators, National Institute of Educational Evaluation, Uruguay;2. Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, Belgium;1. Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Facultad de Educación, Departamento de Política Educativa, Chile;2. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Educación, Chile;1. University of Toronto, 252 Bloor Street West, Toronto, ON, M5S 1V6, Canada;2. Universidad del Rosario, Cra. 6 A No. 12 C 13, Bogotá, Colombia |
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| Abstract: | Poverty persists across generations through the transmission of informal employment from one generation to the next. Education and earnings are considered important factors that transmit informal employment across generations. Considering education as one of the transmission mechanisms of sectoral employment and poverty, no studies have yet conducted any comparative analysis of educational persistence across generations of formally and informally employed parents. Therefore, the present study estimates the intergenerational persistence of education by considering the nature of parents’ employment through intergenerational elasticity and intergenerational correlation approaches of mobility measurement. Results show that intergenerational persistence is higher at the lower levels of education when the father is informally employed. On the contrary, when the father is formally employed, this persistence is higher at the higher levels of education. This result implies that labour market reforms are essential along with educational reforms to break this intergenerational persistence. |
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| Keywords: | Earnings Informality Mobility Opportunities Pakistan Poverty |
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