Factors discriminating among profiles of resilience and psychopathology in children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) |
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| Authors: | Sandra A Graham-Bermann Gabrielle Gruber Kathryn H Howell Laura Girz |
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| Institution: | 1. University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, 530 Church Street Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1109, United States;2. University of Toronto, Department of Psychology, 27 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada;1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30033, United States;2. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shahid Tajuddin Sarani, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;3. Expanded Program on Immunization and Surveillance, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;4. Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States;1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada;2. Department of Pediatrics, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada;3. Faculty of Information & Media Studies, The University of Western Ontario, 1152 Richmond Street, North Campus Building, Room 254, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada;1. Department of Psychology and Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame, 107 Haggar Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;2. School of Law, Psychology and Social work, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden;3. Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 202 Psychology Building, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;4. Psychology and Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA;1. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, Children’s Hospital Colorado, United States;2. University of Colorado Denver, United States;3. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, United States;4. University of Denver, Department of Psychology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, United States;5. Ball State University, United States;6. Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom;1. Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences and of Pediatrics, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;2. School of Nursing, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;3. Injury and Child Maltreatment Section, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling, AL 6807B, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada;1. University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA;2. Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 633 N. St. Clair, Suite 1900, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveTo evaluate the social and emotional adjustment of 219 children in families with varying levels of intimate partner violence (IPV) using a model of risk and protection. To explore factors that differentiate children with poor adjustment from those with resilience.MethodologyMothers who experienced IPV in the past year and their children ages 6–12 were interviewed. Standardized measures assessed family violence, parenting, family functioning, maternal mental health, and children's adjustment and beliefs.ResultsUsing cluster analysis, all cases with valid data on the Child Behavior Checklist, Child Depression Inventory, General Self-Worth and Social Self-Competence measures were described by four profiles of children's adjustment: Severe Adjustment Problems (24%); children who were Struggling (45%); those with Depression Only (11%); and Resilient (20%) with high competence and low adjustment problems. Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed children in the Severe Problems cluster witnessed more family violence and had mothers higher in depression and trauma symptoms than other children. Resilient and Struggling children had mothers with better parenting, more family strengths and no past violent partner. Parents of children with Severe Problems were lacking these attributes. The Depressed profile children witnessed less violence but had greater fears and worries about mother's safety.ConclusionFactors related to the child, to the mother and to the family distinguish different profiles of adjustment for children exposed to IPV who are living in the community. Resilient children have less violence exposure, fewer fears and worries, and mothers with better mental health and parenting skills, suggesting avenues for intervention with this population.Practice implicationsFindings suggest that child adjustment is largely influenced by parent functioning. Thus, services should be targeted at both the child and the parent. Clinical interventions shaped to the unique needs of the child might also be tested with this population. |
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