Student hand-raising as an indicator of behavioral engagement and its role in classroom learning |
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| Institution: | 1. Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Education, Germany;2. Santa Clara University, United States |
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| Abstract: | Hand-raising is an everyday student behavior during classroom discourse. The present study investigates hand-raising as an observable indicator of behavioral engagement and its relation to student achievement. We examine students’ hand-raising behavior during a videotaped lesson in high school classrooms (N = 266 students). Results from multilevel regression modeling linked the frequency of students’ engagement in hand-raising to academic achievement. Further, structural equation modeling was applied to investigate the interrelations between hand-raising, cognitive engagement, and teacher emotional support. Results indicate that hand-raising is associated with cognitive engagement and perceptions of teacher support and suggest that hand-raising may mediate the relation between teacher emotional support and academic achievement. The discussion highlights the utility of student hand-raising as a proxy for students’ active participation and engagement. We emphasize the study’s contribution to the engagement literature. |
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| Keywords: | Student hand-raising Student engagement Student learning Teacher emotional support Cognitive elaborations Video analysis |
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