| 我国长期定位施肥试验与农业可持续生产 |
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| 引用本文： | 徐明岗,周世伟,张文菊,卢昌艾.我国长期定位施肥试验与农业可持续生产[J].中国科学院院刊,2015,30(Z1):141-149. |
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| 作者姓名： | 徐明岗 周世伟 张文菊 卢昌艾 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 北京 100081,中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 北京 100081,中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 北京 100081,中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 北京 100081 |
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| 基金项目： | 农业公益性科研项目(201203030), 国家重点基础研究发展计划("973"计划)项目(2011CB100501) |
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| 摘 要： | 土壤肥料长期定位试验能揭示农业生态系统长期的变化趋势, 对探索农业可持续性有重要的指导意义。文章在简述我国农田土壤肥料长期试验网络基础上, 从土壤有机质演变、作物产量变化、土壤酸化机制、土壤生态功能演变以及施肥的环境效应等方面, 详细阐述了30 余年长期试验所取得的成果, 并对存在的问题进行剖析和展望未来发展, 以期推动我国土壤质量特别是土壤肥力演变研究, 提升国家耕地质量和农业生产可持续性。
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| 关 键 词： | 长期定位试验 土壤肥力 粮食安全 可持续发展 |
| 收稿时间： | 2015/5/29 0:00:00 |
Long-term Soil Fertilizer Experiments and Sustainable Agriculture in China |
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| Xu Minggang,Zhou Shiwei,ZhangWenju and Lu Chang'ai.Long-term Soil Fertilizer Experiments and Sustainable Agriculture in China[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015,30(Z1):141-149. |
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| Authors: | Xu Minggang Zhou Shiwei ZhangWenju and Lu Chang'ai |
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| Institution: | Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China,Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China,Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China and Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China |
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| Abstract: | Long-term soil fertilizer experiments(LSFEs)provided information revealing long term changes of crop yields, soil nutrients, necessary and toxic element biogeochemistry, species diversity, greenhouse gas emissions, etc. in agricultural systems, and thus promoting the sustainable development of agriculture, that cannot be easily obtained from some short-term experiments. In China, several tens of LSFEs have been performed, located in the national main grain producing areas. They have lasted for about 30 years and played important roles in China''s food production and cropland protection. Hence, this paper reviewed the achievements obtained and the existing problems and future development of LSFEs in China, in order to promote the national study on soil fertility, and to enhance its soil quality and agricultural sustainability. Firstly, in 1979 China Fertilizer Network was constructed, where about 80 LSFEs were arranged in 22 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities. In 1990, National Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Effects Long-term Monitoring Network was constructed, where 9 LSFEs were arranged in main grain producing areas. Additionally, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network constructed by Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1990 also contained 16 LSFEs. Universities and institutes also arranged some LSFEs. Now there are about 100 LSFEs, lasting for over 30 years, in China. Secondly, the marked achievements from LSFEs were illustrated as follows:(1)Evolution of soil organic matter(SOM). Long-term application of fertilizers especially manure promoted SOM, and there was significant relationship between SOM and input of organic materials, where the conversion efficiency of organic materials into SOM can be estimated to be about 16.3% for whole China.(2)Crop yield. Combining application of organic and chemical fertilizers was commended as the best fertilization pattern attributed to the highest crop yield and stability. A certain proportion of chemical nitrogen could be replaced by organic fertilizers in China''s croplands, which helps to reducing the application rate of chemical fertilizers and thus decreasing its environmental risk.(3)Soil acidification. Long-term fertilization influenced soil acidification strongly, where nitrogen fertilizers accelerated the process whereas organic fertilizers inhibited it, and the probable cause is the neutralization of alkali ions input by manure and the aluminum complexation by organic materials.(4)Soil ecological functions. Long-term manure fertilization increased obviously soil quality index(SQI), soil water holding capacity, and soil aggregate stability, in particular, soil microbial community. For example, higher population of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and indigenous Bacillus asahii was observed in red soil and fluvo-aquic soil, respectively.(5)Soil environmental effects. Although it did not cause the accumulation of heavy metals in soils, application of chemical fertilizers maybe increase metal availability due to soil acidification. On the contrary, long-term manure fertilization resulted in heavy metal accumulation especially Cd. In addition, long-term fertilization strongly affected greenhouse gas(CH4, CO2, and N2O)emissions; no clear conclusion has yet been reached. Thirdly, some management measures and suggestions on China''s LSFEs were given as follows:(1)China''s government should strengthen the support to LSFEs with more fund and more resources. Especially, they needs to be included in the National Development Plan, and thus be protected by laws; they also needs to be managed by a specialized agency or organization so as to play a greater role.(2)A series of standardized management systems needs to be implemented in LSFEs, e.g. it is necessary to develop the entirety of an electronic document''s information for every experimental station and sample. Additionally, supporting facilities such as automatic meteorological equipment and in-situ-analysis instruments should be equipped in every experimental station in order to effectively monitor the long-term processes of soil and plant and to simulate the processes.(3)LSFEs should be flexible and change with times. In order to adapt to the new situation, or in order to resolve new scientific issues, we must continually adjust, modify or supplement to these LSFEs. For example, split-plot can be designed on the large area of plot, so that some new experiments such as lime-amendment addition would be performed; or new experiments adjacent to LSFEs, such as application of compound fertilizers and straw returning, may be arranged. Of course, in those areas without LSFEs such as Guangdong and Hainan provinces, national and local governments need to support the construction of LSFEs and ensure their functions. In conclusion, LSFEs are invaluable wealth inherited from the senior scientists, and many important findings could be obtained based on these research platforms, so we need to fully use them, and promote their healthy and sustainable development in the future. |
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| Keywords: | long-term soil fertilizer experiments(LSFEs) soil fertility food security sustainable agriculture |
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