Contributions of the muscular torques and motion-dependent torques to generate rapid elbow extension during overhand baseball pitching |
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| Authors: | K Naito T Maruyama |
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| Institution: | (1) Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku 152-8552, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Some studies have reported that overarm baseball pitching shows a proximal to distal sequential joint motion including a rapid
extension of the elbow. It has been suggested that the rapid elbow extension just before ball release is not due to the action
of the elbow extensor muscles, but the underlying mechanisms are not so clear. The purpose of this study was to determine
the contributions of each joint muscular- and motion-dependent torques, including the upper trunk and throwing arm joints
to generate the rapid elbow extension during baseball pitching. The right handed throwing motions of three baseball pitchers
were recorded using five high-speed video cameras and the positional data were calculated using the direct linear transformation
method. A throwing arm dynamic model of the upper trunk and throwing arm joints was then used, including 10 degrees of freedom,
to calculate the throwing arm joint muscular-, throwing arm and upper trunk joint motion-, gravity-, and external force-dependent
components that contribute to the maximum elbow extension angular velocity. The results showed that the rapid elbow extension
was primarily due to the upper trunk counterclockwise rotation and shoulder horizontal adduction angular velocity-dependent
torques. This study implied that the trunk counterclockwise rotators and shoulder horizontal adductors generate positive torques
to maintain the angular velocities of the upper trunk counterclockwise rotation and shoulder horizontal adduction may play
a key role in producing the rapid elbow extension. |
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| Keywords: | Baseball Biomechanics Elbow extension Motion-dependent torque Muscular torque Pitching |
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