Genetic and environmental bases of reading and spelling:
A unified genetic dual route model |
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| Authors: | Timothy C Bates Anne Castles Michelle Luciano Margaret J Wright Max Coltheart Nicholas G Martin |
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| Institution: | (1) Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia;(2) Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;(3) Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia;(4) Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK |
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| Abstract: | We develop and test a dual-route model of genetic effects on reading aloud and spelling, based on irregular and non-word reading
and spelling performance assessed in 1382 monozygotic and dizygotic twins. As in earlier research, most of the variance in
reading was due to genetic effects. However, there were three more specific conclusions: the first was that most of the genetic
effect is common to both regular and irregular reading. In addition to this common variance evidence was found for distinct
genes influencing the acquisition of a lexicon of stored words, and additional genetic effects influencing the acquisition
of grapheme–phoneme correspondence rules. The third conclusion, from a combined model of reading and spelling, is that reading
and spelling have a common genetic basis. Models that did not distinguish lexical and non-lexical performance fit significantly
worse than dual route genetic models. An implication of the research is that models of reading, whether connectionist or dual-route,
must allow for the genetic independence of neurological processes underlying the decoding of non-words and irregular words. |
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| Keywords: | Dyslexia Genetics Reading Spelling Twins |
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