Swimming and peak bone mineral density: A systematic review and meta-analysis |
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| Authors: | Alejandro Gomez-Bruton Jesús Montero-Marín Alejandro González-Agüero Alba Gómez-Cabello Javier García-Campayo Luis A Moreno |
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| Institution: | 1. Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain;2. GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain;3. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain;4. redIAPP Reseach Network, Zaragoza, Spain;5. GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain;6. Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain;7. redIAPP Reseach Network, Zaragoza, Spain;8. Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain;9. Faculty of Health Science (FCS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain |
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| Abstract: | This meta-analysis aims to determine the effects of regular swimming on bone mineral density (BMD) in young adults (18–30 years). A systematic search was performed in Pubmed, SPORTDiscus and the Cochrane Library from the earliest possible year to March 2016. Swimmers were compared to non-athletic controls (CG) and to high-impact athletes (HIGH). Effect sizes with the Hedges g in random effects models were developed. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analyses. Swimmers presented similar BMD values to CG in whole-body (g = ?0.20; P = 0.251), femoral neck (g = ?0.05; P = 0.818) and lumbar spine (g = 0.18; P = 0.492); and lower BMD in the whole-body (g = ?1.21; P < 0.001), femoral neck (g = ?1.51; P < 0.001) and lumbar spine (g = ?0.84; P = 0.017) than the HIGH. For the whole-body differences, the higher the latitude the smaller the differences between swimmers and HIGH (B = 0.10; P = 0.001). For the femoral neck differences, age also seemed to reduce the differences between groups (B = 0.19; P = 0.020). Young adult swimmers present similar BMD values than CG and lower values than HIGH. |
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| Keywords: | Sport bone mass aquatic athletics swimmers |
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