Perceived health problems in swimmers according to the chemical treatment of water in swimming pools |
| |
| Authors: | Álvaro Fernández-Luna Pablo Burillo José Luis Felipe Julio del Corral Jorge García-Unanue Leonor Gallardo |
| |
| Institution: | 1. Faculty of Sports Science, Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain;2. Sport Sciences Institute, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain;3. Department of Economics and Finance, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain;4. IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain |
| |
| Abstract: | The objective of this study was to determine which chemical treatment used for disinfecting water in indoor swimming pools had the least impact on users' perceptions of health problems, and which generated the greatest satisfaction with the quality of the water. A survey on satisfaction and perceived health problems was given to 1001 users at 20 indoor swimming pools which used different water treatment methods chlorine, bromine, ozone, ultraviolet lamps (UV) and salt electrolysis]. The findings suggest that there is a greater probability of perceived health problems, such as eye and skin irritation, respiratory problems and skin dryness, in swimming pools treated with chlorine than in swimming pools using other chemical treatment methods. Pools treated with bromine have similar, although slightly better, results. Other factors, such as age, gender, time of day of use (morning and afternoon) and type of user (competitive and recreational), can also affect the probability of suffering health problems. For all of the above, using combined treatment methods as ozone and UV, or salt electrolysis produces a lower probability of perceived health problems and greater satisfaction. |
| |
| Keywords: | Chlorine swimming pools ozone questionnarie water quality |
|
|
