| 影响我国优秀男子跳台滑雪运动员飞行距离的起跳因素分析 |
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| 引用本文： | 谭旭男,周越,曲峰,霍波,付悦,蒋量.影响我国优秀男子跳台滑雪运动员飞行距离的起跳因素分析[J].中国体育科技,2022(1). |
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| 作者姓名： | 谭旭男 周越 曲峰 霍波 付悦 蒋量 |
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| 作者单位： | 北京体育大学;上海体育学院;北京理工大学;苏州市体育科学研究所 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家重点研发计划“科技冬奥”重点专项(2018YFF0300801)。 |
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| 摘 要： | 目的:通过分析我国优秀男子跳台滑雪运动员实地起跳阶段运动学、起跳运动模式等指标,探究影响我国男子跳台滑雪运动员飞行距离的主要起跳因素。方法:1)选择8名我国男子跳台滑雪运动员作为研究对象,在日本长野县白马村K90跳台训练基地采集3次起跳阶段二维运动学数据,采用广义估计模型(GEE)分析影响飞行距离的实地起跳阶段运动学因素。2)截取平昌冬奥会排名前10的男子跳台滑雪选手决赛起跳阶段视频数据,采用单因素方差分析研究国内外运动员起跳阶段特定时刻肢体角度差异。3)实验室内使用1台Z camera高速摄像机和1块Kistler 9281EA测力台采集运动员静蹲跳(squat jump,SJ)、反向跳(countermovement jump,CMJ)、模拟跳跃(imitation jump,IJ)、下落跳(drop jump,DJ)的动力学及运动学数据,采用Pearson相关分析检验实验室内运动学及动力学指标与飞行距离间的相关性。结果:1)在实地起跳阶段运动学方面,起跳起始时刻躯干与助滑道夹角、小腿与助滑道夹角、髋关节角、膝关节角,以及起跳阶段的髋关节峰值角速度、膝关节平均角速度、起跳结束时刻膝关节角及髋关节角为飞行距离的影响因素(P<0.05)。2)在起跳阶段运动模式及力量特点方面,IJ重心最低处膝外翻指数(r=0.731)、DJ膝外翻最小值(r=0.713)、CMJ起跳阶段地面反作用力峰值(r=0.710)、CMJ蹬伸冲量(r=0.752)、SJ(r=0.723)及CMJ起跳峰值功率(r=0.762)均与飞行距离呈正相关。3)对比国内外运动员起跳阶段特定时刻肢体角度发现,国外优秀运动员起跳起始时刻小腿与助滑道夹角(53.54°±3.14°)显著小于我国运动员(57.62°±4.62°),出台瞬间小腿与助滑道夹角(58.22°±2.13°)显著小于我国运动员(65.59°±3.84°),大腿与助滑道夹角(73.28°±6.15°)显著大于我国运动员(58.77°±3.16°),起跳阶段结束时刻髋关节角度(175.23°±1.96°)显著大于我国运动员(156.37°±13.13°)。结论:我国跳台滑雪运动员起跳阶段起跳起始时刻应尽量降低身体重心以减少阻力,并适当提高膝关节角来提高出台后肢体伸展程度。起跳过程中提高膝关节蹬伸力量,同时适当降低髋关节伸展速度,避免风阻对躯干造成不利影响。室内及实地训练过程中,应在提升蹬伸爆发力的同时避免膝关节过度外翻,提高蹬伸力量及传递效率。
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| 关 键 词： | 跳台滑雪 起跳阶段 飞行距离 |
Analysis of Take-off Factors Affecting the Flying Distance of Chinese Elite Male Ski Jumpers |
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| TAN Xunan,ZHOU Yue,QU Feng,HUO Bo,FU Yue,JIANG Liang.Analysis of Take-off Factors Affecting the Flying Distance of Chinese Elite Male Ski Jumpers[J].China Sport Science and Technology,2022(1). |
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| Authors: | TAN Xunan ZHOU Yue QU Feng HUO Bo FU Yue JIANG Liang |
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| Institution: | (Beijing Sport University,Beijing 100084,China;Shanghai University of Sport,Shanghai 200438,China;Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China;Suzhou Institute of Sports Science,Suzhou 215131,China) |
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| Abstract: | Objective:By analyzing the kinematics and take-off movement patterns of Chinese outstanding male ski jumpers in the field,explore the main take-off factors that affect the flight distance of Chinese male ski jumpers.Methods:1)Eight Chinese male ski jumpers were selected as the research objects.Three take-off stage of Two-dimensional kinematics data were collected at the K90 platform training base in Hakuba Village,Nagano County,Japan,and the generalized estimation model(GEE)was used to analyze the kinematics factors of the field take-off phase that affects the flight distance.2)Intercepting the video data of the top 10 men’s ski jumpers in the final take-off phase of the Pyeong Chang Winter Olympics,and using one-way analysis of variance to study the physical angle differences of domestic and foreign athletes at specific moments in the take-off phases.3)Using 1 high-speed Z camera and 1 Kistler 9281 EA force plaform to collect athletes data of squat jump(SJ),countermovement jump(CMJ),imitation jump(IJ),drop jump(DJ)dynamics and kinematics in the laboratory.Using Pearson correlation analysis to study the correlation between kinematics and dynamics indicators in the laboratory and flying distance.Results:1)In the aspect of kinematics of the on-the-spot take-off stage:the angle between the torso and the slide assist at the beginning of the take-off,the angle between the calf and the slide assist,the hip angle,the knee angle,the peak angular velocity of the hip joint during the take-off phase,the angular velocity of the knee joint,and the take-off knee joint angle and hip joint angle at the end of the stage are the influencing factors of flight distance(P<0.05).2)In the aspect of the movement mode and strength characteristics of the take-off phase,knee valgus index at the lowest IJ(r=0.73),minimum value of DJ knee valgus(r=0.71),peak ground reaction force during the take-off phase of CMJ(r=0.71),CMJ pedaling impulse(r=0.75),SJ(r=0.723)and CMJ take-off peak power(r=0.762)is positively correlated with the flight distance.3)Comparing the limb angles of domestic and foreign athletes at specific moments in the take-off phase,the research finds that the angle between the calf and the assist slide at the start of the take-off of foreign elite athletes(53.54°±3.14°)is significantly lower than that of Chinese athletes(57.62°±4.62°),the angle between the calf and assist slide at the moment of the introduction of foreign excellent athletes(58.22°±2.13°)is significantly smaller than that of Chinese athletes(65.59°±3.84°),and the angle between the thigh and the slideway(73.28°±6.15°)is significantly greater than that of the Chinese athletes(58.77°±3.16°),the hip angle at the end time of the take-off phase of excellent foreign athletes(175.23°±1.96°)is significantly larger than that of Chinese athletes(156.37°±13.13°).Conclusions:Chinese ski jumpers should lower their body’s center of gravity as much as possible at the beginning of the take-off phase to reduce resistance and appropriately increase the knee joint angle to increase the degree of limb extension after the take-off platform.Increase the knee joint extension force during the take-off process,while appropriately reduce the hip joint extension speed to avoid the backward angular momentum of the trunk caused by wind resistance to affect the posture and extension of the limbs after the take-off platform.In the process of indoor and field training,it can improve the explosive force of kicking and extension while avoiding excessive knee joint valgus,and improving the force and transmission efficiency of kicking and extension. |
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| Keywords: | ski jumping take-off phase fying distance |
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