| 豆科黄华属的植物地理研究 |
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| 引用本文： | 萨仁,陈家瑞,李沛琼.豆科黄华属的植物地理研究[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,2000,38(2):148-166. |
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| 作者姓名： | 萨仁 陈家瑞 李沛琼 |
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| 摘 要： | 首次全面论述了全世界黄华属(豆科)植物地理。黄华属是豆科少数几个东亚-北美间断分布属之一。对黄华属5组21种的分布进行了分析，发现本属4个频度分布中心依次是：东亚地区(8种／3组，其中特有种4种)，伊朗-土兰地区(7种／3组，其中特有种3种)，落基山地区(7种／2组，均为特有种)及大西洋北美地区(3种／1组，均为特有种)。基于以下事实：在东亚地区存在本属最多的组与种；在此区可以见到黄华属系统发育系列；该属最原始的组种及最进化的组种也在该区出现等，可以认为东亚地区是该属的现代分布中心及分化中心。伊朗-土兰地区(中亚东部至喜马拉雅)及落基山地区所含种、组数仅次于东亚地区，而且多倍体现象多发生于这两区，因此可认为是本属的次生分布中心及分化中心。在此二地区，物种分化较活跃且复杂，先后描述了很多新种和变种，也曾进行过较多的归并处理。最近的分子生物学证据不断揭示，在这地区曾被归并的一些分类群存在着较大不同，从而提醒分类学家对年轻区系中物种分化较活跃的类群进行分类处理时，无论是建新分类群还是对某些类群进行归并，应持谨慎态度。作者根据黄华属植物的现代地理分布、形态演化趋势、现有的化石及地质历史资料，推测黄华属植物在中新世之前早已形成，并且在晚第三纪欧亚大陆与北美大陆失去陆地连接之前在两大陆已经存在，很可能是于早第三纪或晚白垩纪在劳亚古陆上起源于一个含羽扇豆生物碱的古槐成员。两大陆分离后，在不同的成种因子的影响下，形成了各自的演化格局：在亚洲，晚第三纪的喜马拉雅造山运动、古地中海消失及第四纪冰川作用引起的旱化、寒化，促进了该属植物的强烈分化；而在北美，第四纪的冰川作用及局部的山体隆起，可能是促进该属植物演化的主要动力。根据黄华属植物的系统演化趋势及原始类群的分布式样分析，东亚地区的中国-日本亚区可能是本属植物的原始类型中心。
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| 关 键 词： | 黄华属 地理分布 起源 演化 |
The phytogeographical studies of Thermopsis (Fabaceae) |
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| SA Ren,CHEN Chia-Jui,LI Pei-Chun.The phytogeographical studies of Thermopsis (Fabaceae)[J].Journal of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2000,38(2):148-166. |
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| Authors: | SA Ren CHEN Chia-Jui LI Pei-Chun |
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| Abstract: | The present article is the first comprehensive treatment of phytogeography of Thermopsis
(Fabaceae) in the world. Thermopsis is one of the few genera within Fabaceae with the distribution
pattern of the East Asia-North American disjunction. The distribution patterns of 5 recognized sec-
tions (including a new one) covering 21 species in Thermopsis are analyzed, and the results show
four centres of frequency of the genus: the Eastern Asiatic Region (9 spp. / 3 sects., including 4
endemic species), the Irano-Turanian Region (7 spp./3 sects., including 3 endemic species), the
Rocky Mountain Region (7 spp./2 sects., all endemic), and the Atlantic North American Region
(3 spp. / 1 sect., all endemic). In the light of the fact that most species and sections, a number of
phylogenetic series of the genus, and the most primitive sections and most advanced sections in
Thermopsis occur in the East Asia, the Eastern Asiatic Region might be the centre of diversity of the
genus. As the Irano-Turanian Region and the Rocky Mountain Region were just second to that of
Eastern Asiatic Region in number of sections and species, and many polyploids appeared in these
regions, they were considered as the secondary centres of distribution and speciation of the genus.
The speciation looks to be frequent and complex in these regions, and many new taxa have been de-
scribed from there while many new reduced or incorporated taxa have happened over there. Howev-
er, recent molecular data has shown that two reduced taxa of Thermopsis are distinct in these re-
gions. Based on the modern distribution patterns and evolutionary trends in morphological characters
of the genus, and available fossil record of the genus and the historical geology, we speculate that
Thermopsis had already existed on Eurasia and North America before the Late Miocene, and proba-
bly originated from an ancestral form of Sophora-like taxa with lupine alkaloids somewhere in the
Laurasia in the Early Tertiary or Late Cretaceous. After the separation of the two continents, species
on different continents developed distinctly under influences of different evolutionary factors. In
Asia, the late Tertiary orogeny, disappearing of the Tethys and aridity and freezing caused by the
Quaternary glaciation were the main forces to promote the speciation and evolutionary processes,
whereas in North America it was the Quaternary glaciation and the orogeny of partial area to promote
evolution of the genus. According to the evolutionary trends in Thermopsis and the distribution pat-
tern of the primitive taxa, Sino-Japanese Subregion of Eastern Asiatic Region may be considered asthe centre of primitive forms of Thermopsis. |
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| Keywords: | Thermopsis Geographical distribution Origin Evolution |
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