Income is not enough: incorporating material hardship into models of income associations with parenting and child development |
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| Authors: | Gershoff Elizabeth T Aber J Lawrence Raver C Cybele Lennon Mary Clare |
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| Institution: | School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. liztg@umich.edu |
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| Abstract: | Although research has clearly established that low family income has negative impacts on children's cognitive skills and social-emotional competence, less often is a family's experience of material hardship considered. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999 (N=21,255), this study examined dual components of family income and material hardship along with parent mediators of stress, positive parenting, and investment as predictors of 6-year-old children's cognitive skills and social-emotional competence. Support was found for a model that identified unique parent-mediated paths from income to cognitive skills and from income and material hardship to social-emotional competence. The findings have implications for future study of family income and child development and for identification of promising targets for policy intervention. |
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