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Overcrowded housing: One of a constellation of vulnerabilities for child sexual abuse
Institution:1. School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia;2. Telethon Kids Institute, Northern Entrance, Perth Children''s Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia;3. School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia;1. Te Puaruruhau (Child Protection Team), Starship Children’s Health, Private Bag 92024, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;2. Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;1. Charleston Area Medical Center/West Virginia University – Charleston Division, Charleston, WV, United States;2. West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States;3. Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States;4. University of Texas Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States;5. Health Education and Research Institute, Outcomes Research, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV, United States;1. The University of Western Australia, School of Population and Global Health, M431, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia;2. Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia;3. The University of Notre Dame Australia, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6959, Australia;1. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada;2. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z9, Canada;3. Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada;4. Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
Abstract:BackgroundEffective prevention of child abuse depends on an understanding of factors associated with the abuse. Increased risk of child sexual abuse has been associated with parental substance use and adverse socio-economic factors such as living in poverty and parental unemployment. This study investigated overcrowding as a potential socio-economic risk factor in child sexual abuse taking into account other socio-economic, child and parental factors.MethodThis study used de-identified linked data from health and child protection data collections for the cohort of children born in Western Australia from 1990 to 2009 (n = 524,478). Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted and unadjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for time to first sexual abuse allegation and first substantiated allegation, relative to the level of overcrowding and controlling for other risk factors.ResultsHigher levels of household overcrowding were associated with a 23%–46% increase in the risk of child sexual abuse allegations. Only the highest level of overcrowding was associated with a 40% increased risk of substantiated sexual abuse.ConclusionThe findings suggest that overcrowded living conditions are associated with an increased risk of sexual abuse for some children. This factor needs to be considered alongside other risk factors when assessing and improving child safety.
Keywords:Child sexual abuse  Household overcrowding  Crowded houses  Housing density  Risk factors  Socio-economic factors
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