Adverse childhood experiences and deleterious outcomes in adulthood: A consideration of the simultaneous role of genetic and environmental influences in two independent samples from the United States |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;2. Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;3. Department of Neurology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio;4. Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California;5. Department of Neurology, PADDREC, Veterans Affair Administration of Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;1. Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA;2. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, USA;3. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, USA;4. Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA;5. Boston Children''s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;6. Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, USA |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a potent risk factor. Despite these findings, studies have also recognized the importance of considering additional sources of genetic and environmental influence that cluster within families.ObjectiveTo properly control for latent sources of genetic and within-family environmental influences and isolate the association between ACEs and the following outcomes in adulthood: physical health, depressive symptoms, educational attainment, income attainment, alcohol problems, and antisocial behavior.Participants and SettingTwo independent samples of twins and siblings from the United States: the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study (N = 862) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health; N = 3112).MethodsSibling comparison models, which control for latent sources of genetic and within-family environmental influences, were estimated to examine whether differential exposure to ACEs was associated with the examined outcomes.ResultsFamilies that experienced more adversity also experienced more deleterious outcomes. However, siblings that experienced more adversity were no more likely to experience deleterious outcomes than their co-siblings. However, greater exposure to ACEs was associated with increases in depressive symptoms (Add Health). Additional models revealed that the similarity between siblings from the same family stemmed from latent sources of within-family environmental influences not captured by traditional ACEs measures.ConclusionsConsidering genetic influences and additional latent sources of within-family influences is crucial in isolating the effects of ACEs. Currently employed ACEs measures may not adequately capture the full range of impactful sources of family-level environmental influence. |
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| Keywords: | Adverse childhood experiences Development Sibling comparison model |
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