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"预设"一词最早由德国人弗雷格于19世纪末提出。早期的研究把预设作为语义学的研究内容,认为预设是句子间的关系,研究语句的真值情况。到了上世纪70年代,人们发现预设还是一个语用概念,并开始研究预设在语言使用中的情况。到目前为止,预设的研究大体分为语义预设和语用预设。随着认知科学的兴起,认知语言学更加注重研究人类语言的身体体验性,以及人类的认知能力在语言使用中的作用。本文尝试着从认知的角度对语用预设进行浅析。 相似文献
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新闻标题在新闻信息的传播过程中起着重要作用。预设在新闻标题的编辑中有着广泛地应用。语料分析表明,预设机制的策略性使用在新闻标题中至少可以发挥五种语用功能:预设具有过程关联的功能;预设具有过程选择的功能;预设具有语境动态过程的功能;预设具有在语言成分和语境间动态互顺的功能;预设具有元语用意识功能。从语用角度考察新闻标题中的预设现象,不仅可以补充语用预设研究的理论解释力,而且可以增加新闻标题的编辑效果以及对新闻内容的预测力。这些功能通过不同类型的预设机制来实现。 相似文献
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英语语义语用预设功能缺失的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
预设(presupposition)是自然语言逻辑以及语言哲学中的一个非常重要的问题,是近年来学术界共同关注的研究范畴之一。该文探讨了英语语义预设与语用预设的特点,以实例阐述分析语义预设在复合逻辑语境下的失灵现象以及语用预设在文化、共识限制下可能造成的认知障碍。在此基础上,提出了应该正确对待语义预设和语用预设在话语篇分析中的作用,强调了二者都具有不可忽视的作用。 相似文献
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预设是指说话者在说出某个特定句子时所作的假设,即说话者为保证句子和语段(utterance)的适宜性而必须满足的前提.预设的研究是从语义关系的研究开始的,但由于预设具有可取消性(defeasibility)和语境依赖性的特点,许多语言学家将预设作为一种语用现象而非语义现象进行研究.语用预设主要有两个特点:(1)语用预设与语境密不可分;(2)语用预设在语篇的衔接中起着重要作用,保证了语篇信息流的通畅.针对这些特点,作为译者,在从源语到目标语的转换过程中,应考虑到语用预设的复杂性,准确把握源语的前提信息,透彻理解原文,根据具体情况对源语语篇预设进行适当处理,用直译或意译法保留、转换、增添预设信息,从而避免翻译中的语用失效,力求达到英汉互译中的语用等值效果. 相似文献
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《绵阳师范学院学报》2020,(1):100-105
根据陈新仁的语用预设分类,统计中、英文政治类新闻标题中语用预设的应用情况,并结合实例进行详细的分析,从而探究预设在政治类新闻标题中实现的语用功能。研究发现:1.预设现象广泛存在于中、英文政治类新闻标题中,且不同类型语用预设的使用频率存在差异; 2.一条新闻标题中可同时存在多种预设,信念预设多与其他预设并存; 3.使用预设有助于增强新闻标题的客观性,体现标题语言的经济性和简洁性,实现作者与读者间的交流,引发共鸣。 相似文献
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在现代社会中,广告无处不在。工业革命催生了广告,而随着商品市场的不断发展壮大,广告已经成为人们生活中的一部分。鉴于广告带来的巨大商业利润,人们不怠地投入精力去研究广告中的成功案例或是失败案例,试图建立制作成功广告的经典模型。在广告中所使用的多种策略中,对语言的应用占据了不可或缺的地位。该文基于陈新仁等前辈对广告语中预设的研究,对广告语言的语用预设进行了简要的分析。语用预设本身具有单向性、主观性和隐蔽性等特点,这些特性与广告这一交际方式中采用的策略有密不可分的联系。该文将广告中的语用预设分为事实预设、信念预设、状态预设和行为预设进行了讨论,但由广告的最终目的所决定,广告语言中不可能单一使用某种语用预设,而是根据广告设计者的意图和广告受众的可接受度,对语用预设进行综合应用,从而形成最终的语言策略。 相似文献
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预设是一个语用现象,是语用学研究的重要课题之一,在言语交际中扮演了重要的交际角色,该研究通过对预设特征的分析,同时运用大量广告语实例,研究并论证语用预设在广告语篇中的功能。研究结果对广告文案制作者及消费者具有一定的启示及引导作用。 相似文献
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新闻标题语用预设浅析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
语用预设对新闻标题起着重要作用。有多种实现语用预设的方式。本文试从语用学角度探讨新闻标题所传递的预设信息 ,并就新闻标题中的预设信息与新闻报道内容不符的现象进行了初步的分析 相似文献
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近几年,不少语言学家开拓了研究广告用语的新途径,即从语用学的角度来分析广告用语,其中语用预设更是成为广告用语研究中的奇葩,受到了学者的重视.基于语用预设研究现状,本文将结合中国奥运会赞助企业电视广告用语实例,深入分析其中存在的语用预设及其令人折服的广告效果.同时,笔者还通过对奥运电视广告的分析,对广告语用预设分析提出自己的建议--增加"社会影响力"预设. 相似文献
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闫常英 《湖北广播电视大学学报》2014,(9):89-90
语用预设作为一种复杂的语言现象,在传递信息和言语理解中有着不可忽视的重要的意义。语用预设在翻译活动中的借鉴价值尤为宝贵。本文以清末韩邦庆的《海上花列传》为例,归纳分析了英译本中涉及语用预设的翻译策略,探讨了将语用预设与翻译理论与实践交叉研究的意义。以期为翻译方法的研究打开一个新的视野。 相似文献
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《海外英语》2007,(5):10-11
Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help? 相似文献
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罗艳萍 《读与写:教育教学刊》2008,5(6)
The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity. 相似文献
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《海外英语》2007,(4):36
There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love. 相似文献
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Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject. 相似文献
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Richard Denner 《海外英语》2007,(4):14-15
Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose. 相似文献
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Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F. 相似文献
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Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities. 相似文献