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1.
Research on teaching primarily adopts the process-product paradigm. Within this paradigm, researchers often speculate about cognitive operations that students engage in during instruction as a means to explain how teacher behaviors (processes) correlate with or cause student achievement (products). This paper argues that the methodology of process-product research is (1) ill-suited to generating theories of teaching effectiveness that use students' cognition to explain process-product relations and (2) invalid for testing such explanations. The cognitive mediational paradigm, which explicitly interposes students' cognition between teaching processes and student products, is proposed as a remedy to these problems. Methodology consistent with the cognitive mediational paradigm is described. 相似文献
2.
工读学生与普通学生攻击性行为外显和内隐社会认知特点的比较研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
李闻戈 《福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2005,34(2):141-145,147
本研究借助内隐社会认知的研究范式,从内隐和外显两个层面对工读学生和普通学生攻击性行为社会认知特点进行比较研究.结果表明:(1)与普通学生相比,工读生在攻击性行为外显社会认知特征上,缺乏对弱者的普遍同情心,未牢固地建立对攻击性行为作否定评价的社会道德规范意识;(2)在攻击性行为内隐社会认知特征上,两类学生都表现出偏好攻击者,而工读生的偏好的程度更强烈;(3)普通学生对中立人物的偏好率明显高于攻击者和被攻击者的总和,但工读生仍然更偏好于攻击者. 相似文献
3.
High-School Chemistry Students' Performance and Gender Differences in a Computerized Molecular Modeling Learning Environment 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Computerized molecular modeling (CMM) contributes to the development of visualization skills via vivid animation of three dimensional representations. Its power to illustrate and explore phenomena in chemistry teaching stems from the convenience and simplicity of building molecules of any size and color in a number of presentation styles. A new CMM-based learning environment for teaching and learning chemistry in Israeli high schools has been designed and implemented. Three tenth grade experimental classes used this discovery CMM approach, while two other classes, who studied the same topic in the customary approach, served as a control group. We investigated the effects of using molecular modeling on students' spatial ability, understanding of new concepts related to geometric and symbolic representations and students' perception of the model concept. Each variable was examined for gender differences. Students of the experimental group performed better than control group students in all three performance aspects. Experimental group students scored higher than the control group students in the achievement test on structure and bonding. Students' spatial ability improved in both groups, but students from the experimental group scored higher. For the average students in the two groups the improvement in all three spatial ability sub-tests —paper folding, card rotation, and cube comparison—was significantly higher for the experimental group. Experimental group students gained better insight into the model concept than the control group and could explain more phenomena with the aid of a variety of models. Hence, CMM helps in particular to improve the examined cognitive aspects of the average student population. In most of the achievement and spatial ability tests no significant differences between the genders were found, but in some aspects of model perception and verbal argumentation differences still exist. Experimental group females improved their model perception more than the control group females in understanding ways to create models and in the role of models as mental structures and prediction tools. Teachers' and students' feedback on the CMM learning environment was found to be positive, as it helped them understand concepts in molecular geometry and bonding. The results of this study suggest that teaching/learning of topics in chemistry that are related to three dimensional structures can be improved by using a discovery approach in a computerized learning environment. 相似文献
4.
江学如 《科学技术哲学研究》2021,38(1):22-27
在科学活动中,由于对象的复杂性和人类认知的局限,通常通过“理想化”来研究现象。理想化是对系统“刻意”的错误表征,主要有伽利略式理想化、最低限度理想化和多重模型理想化三种形式。它不仅是出于实用主义的角度获得数学上的易处理性,更多的是为了探究复杂自然界背后可重复的“模式”,并对之进行有效的解释和预测。在生态学研究中,“去理想化”在理论上完全可能,它增加了模型的“真实性”。但带来的认知代价乃至损失是不容小觑的,增加了模型的不确定性,不仅难以解释生态学系统层面复杂的涌现属性,而且模型的预测力也会降低。鉴于此,“理想化”依旧是生态建模中一个重要的方法论原则。 相似文献
5.
《人力资源管理》专题网站双语自主学习模式的构建以建构主义学习理论、认知灵活性理论、情景认知理论为理论依据。在分析学习者特征的基础上，确定学习内容，按照教学计划为学生提供便捷的自主学习路线和工具，促使学生个性化、自主化的学习。以行动研究和评价体系研究相结合的方法不断发现问题、改进模式。 相似文献
6.
Tommi Kokkonen 《Science & Education》2017,26(7-9):777-798
Model-based learning (MBL) has an established position within science education. It has been found to enhance conceptual understanding and provide a way for engaging students in authentic scientific activity. Despite ample research, few studies have examined the cognitive processes regarding learning scientific concepts within MBL. On the other hand, recent research within cognitive science has examined the learning of so-called relational categories. Relational categories are categories whose membership is determined on the basis of the common relational structure. In this theoretical paper, I argue that viewing models as relational categories provides a well-motivated cognitive basis for MBL. I discuss the different roles of models and modeling within MBL (using ready-made models, constructive modeling, and generative modeling) and discern the related cognitive aspects brought forward by the reinterpretation of models as relational categories. I will argue that relational knowledge is vital in learning novel models and in the transfer of learning. Moreover, relational knowledge underlies the coherent, hierarchical knowledge of experts. Lastly, I will examine how the format of external representations may affect the learning of models and the relevant relations. The nature of the learning mechanisms underlying students’ mental representations of models is an interesting open question to be examined. Furthermore, the ways in which the expert-like knowledge develops and how to best support it is in need of more research. The discussion and conceptualization of models as relational categories allows discerning students’ mental representations of models in terms of evolving relational structures in greater detail than previously done. 相似文献
7.
ABSTRACT Researchers have been interested in classifying massive open online course (MOOC) students based on their learning behaviors. However, less attention has been paid to the cognitive attributes associated with various learning behaviors. In this study, we propose a conceptual model that links MOOC students’ observable learning behaviors to their latent attributes (i.e., individual learning versus interactive learning). Using students’ behavior data from a MOOC, we performed a cognitive diagnostic analysis to identify the students’ learning profiles and to determine how these profiles related to their course achievement. We found that a large portion of the students performed individual learning whereas only a very small portion of them overtly performed interactive learning. In addition, the students who performed interactive learning were more likely to pass the course with distinction than the students who did not show this attribute. The results of this study have important implications for improving students’ learning in MOOCs. Further, the study provides a good demonstration of how to use clickstream process data for psychometric analysis. 相似文献
8.
According to Vygotsky's theory of development and its instructional applications, a good way to increase students' knowledge
and cognitive abilities is to organise at school co-operative and co-elaborative learning situations. Under some conditions,
when students interact, the process of sharing problem-solving procedures results in reorganising and developing their own
cognition. But, given that such co-resolution interactive settings can lead to students' individual cognitive progress, we
need to explain how. The main aim of this article is to present a theoretical and methodological system to analyse the socio-cognitive
processes within an interaction. A pragmatic interlocutory theory, founded on the theory of speech acts, is used and tested
with a small group of students involved in solving a mathematical problem at school. Hypotheses about mechanisms of progress
invoke the role of semiotic mediations, via speech acts, as a vehicle as well as a tool for sharing the meaning of linguistic
signs (construction of intersubjectivity). Thanks to the double function of language signs (communicative and representative)
and to the individual internalisation of shared processes, students become able to (re-) organise their thoughts and to increase
not only knowledge, but also cognitive and metacognitive tools.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
Self-efficacy and achievement behaviors 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
Dale H. Schunk 《Educational Psychology Review》1989,1(3):173-208
In this article self-efficacy research is reviewed in domains relevant to education. Research addressing cognitive skills, social skills, motor skills, and career choices has shown that self-efficacy is an important construct that helps to explain students' learning and performance of achievement-related behaviors. Research also has identified variables that are associated with educational contexts and that signal to students how well they are achieving or making progress in learning. These task-engagement variables include models/social comparative information, goal setting, attributional and performance feedback, strategy instruction, cognitive processing, and reward contingencies. A suggested future self-efficacy research agenda might include maintenance and generalization of changes in self-efficacy, the identification of additional task-engagement variables, instrument development and validation, integration of efficacy information from diverse sources, developmental influences on self-efficacy, and teachers' sense of efficacy. 相似文献
10.
11.
本研究用自编的大学生外语学习认识问卷对832名大学生进行测试，考察了大学生的外语学习认识的特点．研究结果表明：1)大学生外语学习认识在性别上有显著差异，女生的外语学习认识普遍强于男生．2)大学生外语学习认识在外语水平上有显著差异，已过级者强于未过级者．3)大学生外语学习认识存在年级差异，一年级高于二、四年级，三年级高于四年级，其他年级之间不存在差异． 相似文献
12.
Piet Van den Bossche Wim Gijselaers Mien Segers Geert Woltjer Paul Kirschner 《Instructional Science》2011,39(3):283-301
To gain insight in the social processes that underlie knowledge sharing in teams, this article questions which team learning
behaviors lead to the construction of a shared mental model. Additionally, it explores how the development of shared mental
models mediates the relation between team learning behaviors and team effectiveness. Analyses were performed on student-teams
engaged in a business simulation game. The measurement of shared mental models was based on cognitive mapping techniques.
The results indicate that a team learning perspective provides insight in how people share knowledge. Particularly the team
learning behaviors identified as co-construction and constructive conflict are related to the development of shared mental
models. In addition, a shared mental model of the task environment in a team leads to improved performance. This underscores
the importance of developing shared cognition in teamwork. 相似文献
13.
亲师关系的存在是以学生为纽带的,所以,亲师之间不同的社会行为对正在成长的学生必然会产生影响。本研究以400名家长、40名教师、400名初中学生为对象,运用问卷法试图考察亲师不同互动特征变量与学生心理健康和学习品质不同维度的关系。运用方差分析、相关分析、多层协方差结构模型等统计方法进行数据处理。结果发现：（1）家长亲师互动认知和情感因素对学生心理健康有影响;（2）认知和情感因素对学习兴趣和学习外归因有影响;（3）教师亲师互动认知、情感和策略因素对学生心理健康有显著的影响;（4）认知、情感和策略因素对学习兴趣、学习信心、学习情绪、学习外归因和内归因有显著影响。 相似文献
14.
理科教师的科学本质观对科学教育的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
梁永平 《山西师大学报(社会科学版)》2006,33(1):119-121
人们对科学本质的认识经历了由科学的“真理观”向科学的“建构观”的转变。不同的科学本质观将直接影响着教师对科学教育目标的不同理解,对科学知识的不同选择,对教学主题的不同设计、教学话语的不同使用,对学生学习的不同评价。教师不同的科学本质观及其教学行为影响着学生的科学本质观的形成,影响着学生对科学内容的理解以及看待问题的思维方式。 相似文献
15.
该研究以汉、蒙古、朝鲜族初中学生共614人为研究对象,比较分析了三个民族学生的几何认知水平、男女生几何认知水平、几何认知水平对数学成就的影响.主要采用问卷调查法和访谈法,并利用SPSS17.0对调查数据进行了因素分析、T检验、单因素方差分析、相关分析、回归分析等.研究结果显示,汉、蒙古、朝鲜族初中学生仅达到直观水平,而且在每个水平上存在民族差异;男女生的几何认知水平不存在显著的民族差异;三个民族的几何认知水平对其数学成就都有显著影响,但具有影响的几何认知水平不同.在此研究的基础上提出了几点建议及未来研究方向. 相似文献
16.
元认知是关于认知的认知,是人类以自身的认知系统为认知对象,对认知的自我意识和自我调节.本文分析了元认知的结构以及它对英语研究性学习的作用.文章指出,元认知是对学生研究性学习起内部协调控制的心理机制,要促进学生外语学习,对学生进行元认知策略培训十分重要. 相似文献
17.
建构主义理论运用于科学教学的15条原则 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
随着建构主义理论在科学教育领域中的运用与逐渐流行,一种基于建构主义的新的科学教学模式正在兴起。这种教学模式要求在科学教学中,应把科学知识的学习看作是学生主动建构知识的过程;应把科学探究作为学生建构科学知识的最重要的学习方式;应充分发挥学生在学习中的自主性,视学生为科学知识的主动建构者;承认学生的原有知识经验在学习中的重要性,了解并正确处理学生的前概念;运用概念转变策略,帮助学生实现概念转变;引发学生的认知冲突,激起学生科学探究的欲望;发挥教师的指导作用,为学生的知识建构提供支持条件;提供真实的情境,让学生获得经验,在情境中建构知识的理解;鼓励学生发问,提出开放性问题,让学生在问题解决中建构知识;开展多种形式的对话,在对话中建构知识;鼓励学生合作与交流,为知识的社会建构提供机会;鼓励学生反省,学会自主监控学习过程;重视学习方法指导,为学生知识建构提供认知工具与策略;提供学习资源,让学生参与寻找用于解决问题的信息;采用形成性评价,强调学生在学习过程中的表现。 相似文献
18.
McDermott PA Goldberg MM Watkins MW Stanley JL Glutting JJ 《Journal of learning disabilities》2006,39(3):230-251
Through multiple logistic regression modeling, this article explores the relative importance of risk and protective factors associated with learning disabilities (LD). A representative national sample of 6- to 17-year-old students (N = 1,268) was drawn by random stratification and classified by the presence versus absence of LD in reading, spelling, and mathematics according to ability-achievement discrepancies or low achievement levels. The dichotomous classifications were regressed on sets of explanatory variables indicating potential biological, social-environmental, and cognitive factors, problem behavior, and classroom learning behavior. Modeling revealed patterns of high risk for male students and students evincing verbal and nonverbal ability problems and processing speed problems. It was shown that, absent controls for cognitive abilities (such as provided by the ability-achievement discrepancy definition), definitions keyed to low achievement will substantially overidentify ethnic minority and disadvantaged students and will be confounded by significantly higher proportions of students who display oppositional and aggressive behavior problems. Alternatively, good learning behaviors uniformly provide substantial reduction in the risk for LD. 相似文献
19.
张传燧 《湖南师范大学教育科学学报》2002,1(2):68-73
综合实践活动应当以“过程导向”的后现代课程观为理论基础,其开发、设计和实施必须“坚持学生的自主选择和主动探究、促进学生个性发展;推进学生与自我、社会和自然之间在联系的整体认识与情感体验,谋求自我、社会与自然之间的和谐发展;强调走向社会,走进生活,拓展学生的学习空间;提倡自主参与式实践性学习,改变学生的学习方式”等基本概念。综合实践活动课程具有以下性质：它是一种正式和必修的综合性、实践性课程;既是国家课程,又是地方课程和校本课程。 相似文献
20.
This paper reports a study of (1) students' responses to an anomaly generated by the juxtaposition of opposing explanatory frameworks and (2) the nature and impact of cognitive conflict as students move from pre-scientific to scientific explanatory frameworks concerning the concept of force. Both rational and emotional responses to anomaly were observed and student responses to anomaly were ranked according to the extent of disequilibrium generated. In addition, ways in which students resolve anomaly were recorded and processes associated with dissonance resolution and learning were hypothesized. Finally, the impact of dissonance was seen to influence students' epistemological beliefs about learning. 相似文献