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1.
《Information processing & management》2005,41(4):909-928
Searchers seldom make use of the advanced searching features that could improve the quality of the search process because they do not know these features exist, do not understand how to use them, or do not believe they are effective or efficient. Information retrieval systems offering automated assistance could greatly improve search effectiveness by suggesting or implementing assistance automatically. A critical issue in designing such systems is determining when the system should intervene in the search process. In this paper, we report the results of an empirical study analyzing when during the search process users seek automated searching assistance from the system and when they implement the assistance. We designed a fully functional, automated assistance application and conducted a study with 30 subjects interacting with the system. The study used a 2G TREC document collection and TREC topics. Approximately 50% of the subjects sought assistance, and over 80% of those implemented that assistance. Results from the evaluation indicate that users are willing to accept automated assistance during the search process, especially after viewing results and locating relevant documents. We discuss implications for interactive information retrieval system design and directions for future research. 相似文献
2.
This paper investigates the influence of user characteristics (e.g. search experience and cognitive skills) on user effectiveness. A user study was conducted to investigate this effect, 56 participants completed searches for 56 topics using the TREC test collection. Results indicated that participants with search experience and high cognitive skills were more effective than those with less experience and slower perceptual abilities. However, all users rated themselves with the same level of satisfaction with the search results despite the fact they varied substantially in their effectiveness. Therefore, information retrieval evaluators should take these factors into consideration when investigating the impact of system effectiveness on user effectiveness. 相似文献
3.
《Information processing & management》2001,37(3):383-402
Two common assumptions held by information retrieval researchers are that searching using Boolean operators is inferior to natural language searching and that results from batch-style retrieval evaluations are generalizable to the real-world searching. We challenged these assumptions in the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) interactive track, with real users following a consensus protocol to search for an instance recall task. Our results showed that Boolean and natural language searching achieved comparable results and that the results from batch evaluations were not comparable to those obtained in experiments with real users. 相似文献
4.
Authors and searchers usually express the same things in many different ways, which causes problems in free text searching of text databases. Thus, a switching tool connecting the different names of one concept is needed. This study tests the effectiveness of a thesaurus as a search-aid in free text searching of a full text database. A set of queries was searched against a large full text database of newspaper articles. The search-aid thesaurus constructed for the test contains the usual relationships of a thesaurus, namely equivalence, hierarchical, and associative relationships. Each query was searched in five distinct modes: basic search, synonym search, narrower term search, related term search, and union of all previous searches. The basic searches contained only terms included in the original query statements. In the synonym searches, the terms of the basic search were extended by disjunction of the synonyms given by the search-aid thesaurus without modifying the overall logic of the basic search. Likewise, the basic search was extended in turn with the narrower terms and with the related terms given by the search-aid thesaurus. The last search mode included the basic terms and all the terms used in the previous searches. The searches were analyzed in terms of relative recall and precision; relative recall was estimated by setting the recall of the union search to 100%. On the average the value of relative recall was 47.2% in the basic search, compared with 100% in the union search; the average value of precision decreased only from 62.5% in the basic search to 51.2% in the union search. 相似文献
5.
G Salton C Buckley E A Fox 《Journal of the American Society for Information Science》1983,34(4):262-280
Modern information retrieval systems are designed to supply relevant information in response to requests received from the user population. In most retrieval environments the search requests consist of keywords, or index terms, interrelated by appropriate Boolean operators. Since it is difficult for untrained users to generate effective Boolean search requests, trained search intermediaries are normally used to translate original statements of user need into useful Boolean search formulations. Methods are introduced in this study which reduce the role of the search intermediaries by making it possible to generate Boolean search formulations completely automatically from natural language statements provided by the system patrons. Frequency considerations are used automatically to generate appropriate term combinations as well as Boolean connectives relating the terms. Methods are covered to produce automatic query formulations both in a standard Boolean logic system, as well as in an extended Boolean system in which the strict interpretation of the connectives is relaxed. Experimental results are supplied to evaluate the effectiveness of the automatic query formulation process, and methods are described for applying the automatic query formulation process in practice. 相似文献
6.
Awareness of another’s activity is an important aspect of facilitating collaboration between users, enabling an “understanding of the activities of others” (Dourish & Bellotti, 1992). In this paper we investigate the role of awareness and its effect on search performance and behaviour in collaborative multimedia retrieval. We focus on the scenario where two users are searching at the same time on the same task, and via an interface, can see the activity of the other user. The main research question asks: does awareness of another searcher aid a user when carrying out a multimedia search session?To encourage awareness, an experimental study was designed where two users were asked to compete to find as many relevant video shots as possible under different awareness conditions. These were individual search (no awareness), Mutual awareness (where both users could see the other’s search screen), and unbalanced awareness (where one user is able to see the other’s screen, but not vice-versa). Twelve pairs of users were recruited, and the four worst performing TRECVID 2006 search topics were used as search tasks, under four different awareness conditions. We present the results of this study, followed by a discussion of the implications for multimedia information retrieval systems. 相似文献
7.
《Information processing & management》2001,37(3):507-520
The results from a series of three experiments that used Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) data and TREC search topics are compared. These experiments each involved three novel user interfaces (one per experiment). User interfaces that made it easier for users to view text were found to improve recall in all three experiments. A distinction was found between a cluster of subjects (a majority of whom were search experts) who tended to read fewer documents more carefully (readers, or exclusives) and subjects who skimmed through more documents without reading them as carefully (skimmers, or inclusives). Skimmers were found to have significantly better recall overall. A major outcome from our experiments at TREC and with the TREC data, is that hypertext interfaces to information retrieval (IR) tasks tend to increase recall. Our interpretation of this pattern of results across the three experiments is that increased interaction with the text (more pages viewed) generally improves recall. Findings from one of the experiments indicated that viewing a greater diversity of text on a single screen (i.e., not just more text per se, but more articles available at once) may also improve recall. In an experiment where a traditional (type-in) query interface was contrasted with a condition where queries were marked up on the text, the improvement in recall due to viewing more text was more pronounced with search novices. Our results demonstrate that markup and hypertext interfaces to text retrieval systems can benefit recall and can also benefit novices. The challenge now will be to find modified versions of hypertext interfaces that can improve precision, as well as recall and that can work with users who prefer to use different types of search strategy or have different types of training and experience. 相似文献
8.
Query suggestion is a common feature of many information search systems. While much research has been conducted about how to generate suggestions, fewer studies have been conducted about how people interact with and use suggestions. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how and when people integrate query suggestions into their searches and the outcome of this usage. The paper further investigates the relationships between search expertise, topic difficulty, and temporal segment of the search and query suggestion usage. A secondary analysis of data was conducted using data collected in a previous controlled laboratory study. In this previous study, 23 undergraduate research participants used an experimental search system with query suggestions to conduct four topic searches. Results showed that participants integrated the suggestions into their searching fairly quickly and that participants with less search expertise used more suggestions and saved more documents. Participants also used more suggestions towards the end of their searches and when searching for more difficult topics. These results show that query suggestion can provide support in situations where people have less search expertise, greater difficulty searching and at specific times during the search. 相似文献
9.
《Information processing & management》2005,41(2):361-381
The Web has become a worldwide source of information and a mainstream business tool. It is changing the way people conduct the daily business of their lives. As these changes are occurring, we need to understand what Web searching trends are emerging within the various global regions. What are the regional differences and trends in Web searching, if any? What is the effectiveness of Web search engines as providers of information? As part of a body of research studying these questions, we have analyzed two data sets collected from queries by mainly European users submitted to AlltheWeb.com on 6 February 2001 and 28 May 2002. AlltheWeb.com is a major and highly rated European search engine. Each data set contains approximately a million queries submitted by over 200,000 users and spans a 24-h period. This longitudinal benchmark study shows that European Web searching is evolving in certain directions. There was some decline in query length, with extremely simple queries. European search topics are broadening, with a notable percentage decline in sexual and pornographic searching. The majority of Web searchers view fewer than five Web documents, spending only seconds on a Web document. Approximately 50% of the Web documents viewed by these European users were topically relevant. We discuss the implications for Web information systems and information content providers. 相似文献
10.
David Toliver 《Information processing & management》1981,17(2):61-68
A technique of online instruction and assistance to bibliographic data base searchers called Individualized Instruction for Data Access (IIDA) is being developed by Drexel University. IIDA assists searchers by providing feedback based on real-time analysis while searches are being performed. Extensive help facilities which draw on this analysis are available to users. Much of the project's experimental work, as described elsewhere [1–3], is concerned with the process of searching and the behavior of searchers. This paper will largely address itself to the project's computer system, which is being developed by subcontract with the Franklin Institute's Science Information Services. 相似文献
11.
John O&#x;Connor 《Information processing & management》1982,18(3):125-131
Documents in computer-readable form can be used to provide information about other documents, i.e. those they cite.To do this efficiently requires procedures for computer recognition of citing statements. This is not easy, especially for multi-sentence citing statements. Computer recognition procedures have been developed which are accurate to the following extent: 73% of the words in statements selected by computer procedures as being citing statements are words which are correctly attributable to the corresponding documents.The retrieval effectiveness of computer-recognized citing statements was tested in the following way. First, for eight retrieval requests in inorganiic chemistry, average recall by search of Chemical Abstracts Service indexing and Chemical Abstracts abstract text words was found to be 50%. Words from citing statements referring to the papers to be retrieved were then added to the index terms and abstract words as additional access points, and searching was repeated. Average recall increased to 70%. Only words from citing statements published within a year of the cited papers were used.The retrieval effect of citing statement words alone (published within a year) without index or abstract terms was the following: average recall was 40%. When just the words of the titles of the cited papers were added to those citing statement words, average recall increased to 50%. 相似文献
12.
《Information processing & management》2005,41(4):929-947
Elicitation is a communicative act to request information during a dialogue, which reflects the questioner’s problems at hand, perplexity, interests, or perhaps internal concerns, either voluntarily or unintentionally. A patron with an information need or a problem at hand approaches the retrieval system to ask their first question. However, many more communicative acts requesting information occur during the retrieval interaction. Elicitation during retrieval interaction, as distinct from the patron’s first search question, is termed micro-level information seeking (MLIS). What features does MLIS possess? And is MLIS predictable? These are salient research issues because if a patron’s MLIS is explainable and predictable, it is advantageous for the intermediary, be it human or an intelligent agent, to form a dynamic user model by taking the patron’s MLIS into account to provide better information retrieval support. This study explores the following research questions: (1) What are the purposes of patron elicitations? (2) When does the patron’s elicitation tend to occur? (3) Do patron elicitations differ from intermediary elicitations in terms of frequency of occurrence and time frame? (4) Does patron elicitation behavior relate to contextual variables, such as gender, age, status, knowledge, prior online search experience, individual intermediaries interacted with, or length of interaction? Qualitative and quantitative approaches including discourse analysis, content analysis and statistical analysis are applied. The major research findings include: (1) patrons’ and intermediaries’ elicitation behaviors differ in terms of frequency and time frame, supporting the prior assumption that intermediary elicitation is pre-planned and patron elicitation is situational; (2) patron’s perplexity is situational, being in most cases “search-assignment related”; and (3) patrons’ elicitation behavior is significantly related to their contextual variables. The study suggests dynamic user modeling to take account of the patron’s MLIS. 相似文献
13.
When consumers search for health information, a major obstacle is their unfamiliarity with the medical terminology. Even though medical thesauri such as the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and related tools (e.g., the MeSH Browser) were created to help consumers find medical term definitions, the lack of direct and explicit integration of these help tools into a health retrieval system prevented them from effectively achieving their objectives. To explore this issue, we conducted an empirical study with two systems: One is a simple interface system supporting query-based searching; the other is an augmented system with two new components supporting MeSH term searching and MeSH tree browsing. A total of 45 subjects were recruited to participate in the study. The results indicated that the augmented system is more effective than the simple system in terms of improving user-perceived topic familiarity and question–answer performance, even though we did not find users spend more time on the augmented system. The two new MeSH help components played a critical role in participants’ health information retrieval and were found to allow them to develop new search strategies. The findings of the study enhanced our understanding of consumers’ search behaviors and shed light on the design of future health information retrieval systems. 相似文献
14.
Considerable evidence exists to show that the use of term relevance weights is beneficial in interactive information retrieval. Various term weighting systems are reviewed. An experiment is then described in which information retrieval users are asked to rank query terms in decreasing order of presumed importance prior to actual search and retrieval. The experimental design is examined, and various relevance ranking systems are evaluated, including fully automatic systems based on inverse document frequency parameters, human rankings performed by the user population, and combinations of the two. 相似文献
15.
As the volume and breadth of online information is rapidly increasing, ad hoc search systems become less and less efficient to answer information needs of modern users. To support the growing complexity of search tasks, researchers in the field of information developed and explored a range of approaches that extend the traditional ad hoc retrieval paradigm. Among these approaches, personalized search systems and exploratory search systems attracted many followers. Personalized search explored the power of artificial intelligence techniques to provide tailored search results according to different user interests, contexts, and tasks. In contrast, exploratory search capitalized on the power of human intelligence by providing users with more powerful interfaces to support the search process. As these approaches are not contradictory, we believe that they can re-enforce each other. We argue that the effectiveness of personalized search systems may be increased by allowing users to interact with the system and learn/investigate the problem in order to reach the final goal. We also suggest that an interactive visualization approach could offer a good ground to combine the strong sides of personalized and exploratory search approaches. This paper proposes a specific way to integrate interactive visualization and personalized search and introduces an adaptive visualization based search system Adaptive VIBE that implements it. We tested the effectiveness of Adaptive VIBE and investigated its strengths and weaknesses by conducting a full-scale user study. The results show that Adaptive VIBE can improve the precision and the productivity of the personalized search system while helping users to discover more diverse sets of information. 相似文献
16.
17.
We report on the design and construction of features of an automated query system which will assist pharmacologists who are not information specialists to access the Derwent Drug File (DDF) pharmacological database. Our approach was to first elucidate those search skills of the search intermediary which might prove tractable to automation. Modules were then produced which assist in the three important subtasks of search statement generation, namely vocabulary selection, the choice of context indicators and query reformulation. Vocabulary selection is facilitated by approximate string matching, morphological analysis, browsing and menu searching. The context of the study, such as treatment or metabolism, is determined using a system of advisory menus. The task of query reformulation is performed using user feedback on retrieved documents, thesaurus relations between document index terms and term postings data. Use is made of diverse information sources, including electronic forms of printed search aids, a thesaurus and a medical dictionary. The system will be of use both to semicasual users and experienced intermediaries. Many of the ideas developed should prove transportable to domains other than pharmacology: the techniques for thesaurus manipulation are designed for use with any hierarchical thesaurus. 相似文献
18.
《Information processing & management》2002,38(3):401-426
A growing body of studies is developing approaches to evaluating human interaction with Web search engines, including the usability and effectiveness of Web search tools. This study explores a user-centered approach to the evaluation of the Web search engine Inquirus – a Web meta-search tool developed by researchers from the NEC Research Institute. The goal of the study reported in this paper was to develop a user-centered approach to the evaluation including: (1) effectiveness: based on the impact of users' interactions on their information problem and information seeking stage, and (2) usability: including screen layout and system capabilities for users. Twenty-two volunteers searched Inquirus on their own personal information topics. Data analyzed included: (1) user pre- and post-search questionnaires and (2) Inquirus search transaction logs. Key findings include: (1) Inquirus was rated highly by users on various usability measures, (2) all users experienced some level of shift/change in their information problem, information seeking, and personal knowledge due to their Inquirus interaction, (3) different users experienced different levels of change/shift, and (4) the search measure precision did not correlate with other user-based measures. Some users experienced major changes/shifts in various user-based variables, such as information problem or information seeking stage with a search of low precision and vice versa. Implications for the development of user-centered approaches to the evaluation of Web and information retrieval (IR) systems and further research are discussed. 相似文献
19.
利用Google进行专题信息检索 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Google是当今一个具有强大功能和独到特点的优秀搜索引擎，本文研究Google基本检索和高级检索语法规则;探讨利用Google的语法规则增强Google的关键词检索功能、提高查准率，正确构建检索式，实施专题信息检索的策略。 相似文献
20.
We report a naturalistic interactive information retrieval (IIR) study of 18 ordinary users in the age of 20–25 who carry out everyday-life information seeking (ELIS) on the Internet with respect to the three types of information needs identified by Ingwersen (1986): the verificative information need (VIN), the conscious topical information need (CIN), and the muddled topical information need (MIN). The searches took place in the private homes of the users in order to ensure as realistic searching as possible. Ingwersen (1996) associates a given search behaviour to each of the three types of information needs, which are analytically deduced, but not yet empirically tested. Thus the objective of the study is to investigate whether empirical data does, or does not, conform to the predictions derived from the three types of information needs. The main conclusion is that the analytically deduced information search behaviour characteristics by Ingwersen are positively corroborated for this group of test participants who search the Internet as part of ELIS. 相似文献