共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Sridevi Kurella Monika Manocha Leenu Sabhnani Beena Thomas D. N. Rao 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2000,15(1):83-100
The dramatic advancements in the field of vaccinology has led to the formulation of chemically well defined vaccines composed of synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins derived from the immunologically dominant regions of the pathogens. Though these subunit vaccines are safer compared to the traditional vaccines they are known to be poorly immunogenic. This necessitates the use of adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of these vaccine formulations. The most common adjuvant for human use is alum. Research in the past has focused on the development of systemic immunity using conventional immunization protocols. In the present are, the emphasis is on the development and formulation of alternative adjuvants and delivery systems in generating systemic as well as mucosal immunity. This review mainly focuses on a variety of adjuvants (particulate as well as non-particulate) used with protective antigens of HIV, malaria, plague, leprosy using modified delivery vehicles. The experience of our laboratory and other researchers in this field clearly proves that these new age adjuvants and delivery systems undoubtedly generate enhanced immune response-both humoral and cell mediated. The choice of antigens, the nature of adjuvant used and the mode of delivery employed have a profound effect on the type of immune response generated. Besides the quantity, the quality of the antibodies generated also play a vital role in protection against these diseases. Some of the adjuvants and delivery systems used promoted high titre and affinity antibodies, which were shown to be cytophilic in nature, an important criteria in providing protection to the host. Thus the studies on these adjuvants/delivery systems with respect to various infectious diseases indicate their active role in efficient modulation of immune response along with safety and permissibility. 相似文献
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Cancer vaccines have exhibited immense potential in cancer treatment. Through activating the host''s immune system, vaccines stimulate extensive functional T cells to eliminate cancer. However, the therapeutic efficacy of cancer vaccines is limited by their inferior lymph node delivery and inadequate uptake of dendritic cells. Herein, we propose an in situ phase transitional strategy on vaccine manufacturing to maximally enhance lymph node drainage while ensuring adequate dendritic cell uptake. The phase transitional vaccines, with dynamic size modulation property, retain a small size (24.4 ± 3.1 nm) during lymph node draining then transform into larger particles (483.0 ± 41.6 nm) on-site by external signal input. Results show that this strategy induced rapid and robust immune response in a mouse melanoma tumor model. Furthermore, a stronger humoral immune response was observed in mice when immunized with MHC-II restricted antigen, which demonstrated that lymph node-targeted cancer vaccine delivery could be effectively manipulated through dynamic size modulation. 相似文献
3.
Stuart S. Blume 《Research Policy》2005,34(2):159-173
Over the past two decades pharmaceutical industry interest in the development of vaccines against infectious diseases has grown. At the same time various partnerships and mechanisms have been established in order to reconcile the interests of private industry with the needs of public health systems (especially in the developing world). The general assumption is that, lacking resources and competences, the public sector has little or no role to play in vaccine development. Drawing on the concept of ‘lock in’, and the history of vaccines against poliomyelitis, this paper advances a different set of considerations relevant to the role of the public sector. It was thanks to public sector R&D, driven by technical and public health considerations, not commercial ones, that a vaccine that had been virtually ‘locked out’ of the world markets was improved, and expertise in its production sustained. This vaccine now plays a crucial role in current attempts at eradicating polio. It is suggested that despite subsequent changes in vaccine technology, their different incentive structure requires acknowledgement in current discussion of the potential contribution of public sector vaccine institutes to vaccine innovation. 相似文献
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S. J. Haward 《Biomicrofluidics》2016,10(4)
Characterization of the extensional rheometry of fluids with complex microstructures is of great relevance to the optimization of a wide range of industrial applications and for understanding various natural processes, biological functions, and diseases. However, quantitative measurement of the extensional properties of complex fluids has proven elusive to researchers, particularly in the case of low viscosity, weakly elastic fluids. For some time, microfluidic platforms have been recognized as having the potential to fill this gap and various approaches have been proposed. This review begins with a general discussion of extensional viscosity and the requirements of an extensional rheometer, before various types of extensional rheometers (particularly those of microfluidic design) are critically discussed. A specific focus is placed on microfluidic stagnation point extensional flows generated by cross-slot type devices, for which some important developments have been reported during the last 10 years. Additional emphasis is placed on measurements made on relevant biological fluids. Finally, the operating limits of the cross-slot extensional rheometer (chiefly imposed by the onset of elastic and inertial flow instabilities) are discussed. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2023,52(4):104739
The COVID-19 pandemic, which featured international pharmaceutical firms seeking to build global manufacturing networks to scale-up the supply of vaccines, has generated heightened interest in understanding the role of firm-to-firm technology transfer. While considerable attention has been given to tracking the extent of international vaccine technology transfer, we know little about how partnerships were established and work in practice. Understanding the challenges that such projects face, and how such challenges may be overcome, is crucially important. This paper provides an account of the partnership between the British-Swedish multinational pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca, the vaccine developer that has engaged in the most technology transfer and built the widest global manufacturing network, and Bio-Manguinhos, a public laboratory linked to Brazil's Ministry of Health. The case study demonstrates the importance of capabilities and regulatory flexibility. Moreover, the analysis highlights the role of political factors that affect the process of technology transfer, and innovation more broadly. Because of the risks involved and the need to quickly mobilize existing capabilities and build new ones, as well as the imperatives of coordinating among manufacturing and regulatory processes and allocating resources to make such arrangements feasible, technology transfer projects need to be enabled politically. Looking forward, the case study has implications for initiatives to expand technology transfer for broadened production of vaccines in the Global South. 相似文献
7.
Kapil Mehta 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》1997,12(1):23-25
A rational approach for developing effective filaricides awaits greater knowledge on the biochemical pathways operating in filarial parasites. For example, metabolic pathways or key enzymes that are so pivotal to the parasite that their interruption or inhibition causes spontaneous death, could be exploited to develop effective chemotherapeutic agents. Similarly, developing a safe and nontoxic filaricidal will require precise understanding of whether or not the potential molecular target in the parasite is unique or at least different enough from the host system. Recently, we identified a novel transglutaminase enzyme (EC2.3.2.13; TGase) in filarial parasites that plays an important role during their normal growth and development. Based on these principles, TGase may serve as a new target for the development of effective chemotherapeutic agent and vaccine for controlling and preventing the infections caused by these parasites. 相似文献
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Viswanath P. Kurup Banani Banerjee Kevin J. Kelly Jordan N. Fink 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2000,15(1):31-42
Fungi are non-chlorophyllus microorganisms, which constitutes the main source of outdoor and indoor allergens. The antigens present in the spores and fragments of hyphae induce allergic responses in sensitized patients. The frequently recognized fungi associated with asthma include Alternaria, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. With the advent of molecular biology techniques a number of fungal genes encoding relevant allergens have been cloned and the expressed allergens purified and characterized. In this review, we have presented the recent developments, where recombinant allergens have been used in the precise diagnosis of fungal allergy. We have also discussed the role played by these allergens and the T- and B-cell epitopes in the immune mechanism in fungal allergy. 相似文献
9.
理解和促进人类心理发展是科学研究的重要使命。近10余年来,发展心理学与神经科学、遗传学、分子生物学日益交叉融合,衍生了新兴的发展认知神经科学,为理解人类心智的起源、发展变化规律、神经生理和社会心理机制提供了崭新的视角．并为有效促进人类心智的发展带来了前所未有的可能。研究者主要在大脑结构、功能发育与心理行为发展、遗传与环境对个体心理行为发展的交互影响、心理行为发展个体差异的神经机制等方面取得了重要进展。由于发展认知神经科学研究具有重要的科学价值与现实意义,我国应积极主动地把握新学科的发展机遇．结合国家人口素质提升的重大战略需求,从国家科技的宏观布局、以问题为导向的大型联合攻关项目的开展以及理论体系与人才培养体系等多个层面,大力促进发展认知神经科学的发展．使我国这一领域在国际上占据前沿位置,并为满足国家人口战略的重大需求提供坚实的科学与技术基础。 相似文献
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M. V. R. Reddy R. Alli B. C. Harinath 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2000,15(1):127-135
Lymphatic filariasis caused mainly by infection fromWuchereria bancrofti andBrugia malayi remains as the major cause of clinical morbidity in tropical and subtropical countries. Development of vaccine against filarial infection can act as additional measure to the existing therapeutic and vector control methods in the control of this disease. The main hurdles in the development of anti-filarial vaccine are the strict primate specificity ofWuchereria bancrofti, the paucity of parasite material, the diversity of clinical manifestations and their associated complex immune responses, lack of clear understanding on host-parasite interactions and the mechanisms involved in protective immunity. However in the past few years, the information generated in immuno-epidemiological studies, correlated with observations in experimental animals suggests that a filarial vaccine is feasible. Initially live irradiated infective larvae have been successfully used to induce high level of protective immunity in several animal models. Applying diverse strategies, variety of purified or recombinant filarial antigens have been explored for their ability to induce protection in different host-parasite systems. Some of these targeted filarial antigens induced high level of resistance in experimental animals against challenge infections. More focussed studies on thorough characterization of parasitological and immunological changes associated with resistance induced by such candidate protective antigens and on delivery mechanisms and safety aspects will be crucial in their selection for possible use in humans. 相似文献
12.
Dhananjay Andure Kiran Pote Vishal Khatri Nitin Amdare Ramchandra Padalkar Maryada Venkata Rami Reddy 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2016,31(4):423-430
Lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito borne parasitic infection and can severely affect the normal working ability of an individual. Currently there is no vaccine available to prevent this infection and the development of a potential vaccine could effectively support the on-going mass drug administration program by World Health Organization (WHO). Filarial parasites have complex mechanisms to modulate the host immune responses against them. The glutathione-S-transferases (GST) are the important enzymes effectively involved to counteract the oxidative free radicals produced by the host. In the present study, we have shown that the mastomys which are fully permissible rodents for Brugia malayi when immunized with Wuchereria bancrofti recombinant GST (rWbGST) could induce 65.5 % in situ cytotoxicity against B. malayi infective (L3) larvae. There was a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response in the vaccinated animals, characterized by higher levels of WbGST-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies and pronounced IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-4 cytokines production by the spleen cells. 相似文献
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近年来，被子植物起源和早期演化研究，由于手段和技术的更新，资料大量积累，取得了许多重要进展，成为植物学领域的一大热点。本文对过去近五十年的研究作了回顾，并从分子系统学、分支系统学、花原基发生的形态学、花发育的分子遗传学及白垩纪花和其它生殖结构化石研究等五个方面对该领域在最近十几年的研究进展进行综述，最后，对今后如何开展这方面的工作作了简要评论。 相似文献
15.
L. M. Srivastava 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2005,20(1):201-207
Summary Biotechnology in India has made great progress in the development of infrastructure, manpower, research and development and
manufacturing of biological reagents, biodiagnostics, biotherapeutics, therapeutic and, prophylactic vaccines and biodevices.
Many of these indigenous biological reagents, biodiagnostics, therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines and biodevices have been
commercialized. Commercially when biotechnology revenue has reached $25 billions in the U.S. alone in 2000 excluding the revenues
of biotech companies that were acquired by pharmaceutical companies, India has yet to register a measurable success. The conservative
nature and craze of the Indian Industry for marketing imported biotechnology products, lack of Government support, almost
non-existing national healthcare system and lack of trained managers for marketing biological and new products seem to be
the important factors responsible for poor economic development of biotechnology in India. With the liberalization of Indian
economy, more and more imported biotechnology products will enter into the Indian market. The conditions of internal development
of biotechnology are not likely to improve in the near future and it is destined to grow only very slowly. Even today biotechnology
in India may be called to be in its infancy. 相似文献
16.
N. Gaur S. Gautam M. Gaur P. Sharma G. Dadheech S. Mishra 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2008,23(4):307-327
The conclusive identification of specific etiological factors or pathogenic processes in the illness of schizophrenia has
remained elusive despite great technological progress. The convergence of state-of-art scientific studies in molecular genetics,
molecular neuropathophysiology, in vivo brain imaging and psychopharmacology, however, indicates that we may be coming much
closer to understanding the genesis of schizophrenia. In near future, the diagnosis and assessment of schizophrenia using
biochemical markers may become a “dream come true” for the medical community as well as for the general population. An understanding
of the biochemistry/ visa vis pathophysiology of schizophrenia is essential to the discovery of preventive measures and therapeutic
intervention. 相似文献
17.
Study of the processes of oogenesis and maturation is not only embryologically important but reveals much useful biochemical information. This article reviews our understanding of the initial stages of development, which have become as important for the molecular biologist as for the embryologist. 相似文献
18.
Wildlife resources are important strategic bioresources in China. This paper analyzes the current threats to China’s wildlife, outlines achievements made by Chinese conservation biologists, and presents suggestions for future developments in this field. The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) plays an important role in the conservation of wildlife and provides significant intellectual support for conservation research and sustainable development. 相似文献
19.
Immunization is an indispensable mechanism for preventing infectious diseases in modern society, and vaccine safety is closely related to public health and national security. However, issues such as vaccine expiration and vaccine record fraud are still widespread in vaccine supply chains. Therefore, an effective management system for the supervision of vaccine supply chains is urgently required. As the next generation of core technology after the Internet, blockchain is designed to build trust mechanisms that can change current information management methods. Meanwhile, the development of machine learning technologies provides additional ways to analyze the data in information management systems. The main objective of this study is to develop a “vaccine blockchain” system based on blockchain and machine learning technologies. This vaccine blockchain system is designed to support vaccine traceability and smart contract functions, and can be used to address the problems of vaccine expiration and vaccine record fraud. Additionally, the use of machine learning models can provide valuable recommendations to immunization practitioners and recipients, allowing them to choose better immunization methods and vaccines. 相似文献
20.
理解和促进人类心理发展是科学研究的重要使命。近10余年来,发展心理学与神经科学、遗传学、分子生物学日益交叉融合,衍生了新兴的发展认知神经科学,为理解人类心智的起源、发展变化规律、神经生理和社会心理机制提供了崭新的视角,并为有效促进人类心智的发展带来了前所未有的可能。研究者主要在大脑结构、功能发育与心理行为发展、遗传与环境对个体心理行为发展的交互影响、心理行为发展个体差异的神经机制等方面取得了重要进展。由于发展认知神经科学研究具有重要的科学价值与现实意义,我国应积极主动地把握新学科的发展机遇,结合国家人口素质提升的重大战略需求,从国家科技的宏观布局、以问题为导向的大型联合攻关项目的开展以及理论体系与人才培养体系等多个层面,大力促进发展认知神经科学的发展,使我国这一领域在国际上占据前沿位置,并为满足国家人口战略的重大需求提供坚实的科学与技术基础。 相似文献