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1.
Field experiments were conducted at Cereal Crops Research Institute, Pirsabak, Nowshera, Pakistan, during winter 2003~2004 and 2004~2005 to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and sulfur levels and methods of nitrogen application on canola (Brassica napus L. cv. Bulbul-98) under rainfed conditions. Four levels of S (0, 10, 20, and 30 kg/ha) and three levels of N (40, 60, and 80 kg/ha) and a control treatment with both nutrients at zero level were included in the experiments. Sulfur levels were applied at sowing while N levels were applied by three methods (100% soil application, 90% soil 10% foliar application, and 80% soil 20% foliar application). The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block (RCB) design having four replications. Oil content increased significantly up to 20 kg S/ha but further increase in S level did not enhance oil content. Glucosinolate content increased from 13.6 to 24.6 μmol/g as S rate was increased from 0 to 30 kg/ha. Protein content increased from 22.4% to 23.2% as S rate was increased from 0 to 20 kg/ha. Oil content responded negatively to the increasing N levels. The highest N level resulted in the highest values for protein (23.5%) and glucosinolate (19.9 μmol/g) contents. Methods of N application had no significant impact on any parameters under study.  相似文献   

2.
To compare mid-infrared(MIR)and near-infrared(NIR)spectroscopies for the determination of the fat and protein contents in milk,the same sample sets with varying concentrations of fat and protein were measured in the MIR range of 3 200-700 cm-1 and NIR range of 9 000-4 000 cm-1.The spectral features in the two regions were analyzed.The MIR spectra of milk were characteristic due to the MIR inherent molecular specificity,whereas the NIR spectra were relatively characterless due to the NIR low selectivity.Partial least squares(PLS)regression models for fat and protein were developed by using both MIR and NIR spectra.MIR data with no pretreatment gave better results than NIR data.The square correlation coefficient(R2)and the root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)were 0.98 and 0.10 g/dL for fat and 0.97 and 0.11 g/dL for protein.With NIR techniques,satisfactory results were not obtained with raw data.However,NIR data after pretreatment gave similarly good results to the ones using MIR method.This paper indicates that either of the MIR and NIR spectral methods is reliable for the determination of the fat and protein contents.  相似文献   

3.
The ability of triadimefon(TDM),a triazolic fungicide,to alter the biochemical constituents and thereby minimizing the days required for sprouting in white yam(Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) tubers during storage under(30±2) °C in the dark,was studied.TDM at 20 mg/L was given to tubers by dipping the tubers in treatment solution containing 20 mg/L TDM on 10,25 and 40 d after storage(DAS).Starch,sugars,protein,amino acid contents as well as protease and α-amylase activities were estimated on 15,30 and 45 DAS from two physiological regions viz.,apical and basal regions of the tubers.In normal conditions(control) sprouting occurred on 70 to 80 DAS.The starch content decreased,while protein,amino acid,sugar contents and protease and α-amylase activities were increased due to TDM treatment and led to early sprouting.  相似文献   

4.
In this paper,we investigate the effect and the possible mechanism of high glucose levels on the calcification of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs).HASMCs were divided into four groups: normal glucose group (NG),osmolality control group (OC),high glucose group (HG,HASMCs culture medium containing 30 mmol/L glucose),and high glucose plus recombinant human Noggin protein (bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) antagonist) group (HN).The mRNA levels and the protein expressions of BMP-2 and core binding factor alpha-1 (Cbfα-1) were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot.After induced by 10 mmol/L β-glycerol phosphoric acid,cells were harvested for assessments of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities at Days 1,2,and 3,and intracellular calcium contents at Days 7 and 14,respectively.High glucose levels increased the mRNA levels and the protein expressions of BMP-2 and Cbfα-1 (P0.05).The expression of Cbfα-1 was partially blocked by Noggin protein (P0.05),while BMP-2 was not (P0.05).After being induced by β-glycerol phosphoric acid,high glucose levels increased the ALP activity [(48.63±1.03) vs.(41.42±2.28) U/mg protein,Day 3;P0.05] and the intracellular calcium content [(2.76±0.09) vs.(1.75±0.07) μmol/mg protein,Day 14;P0.05] in a time-dependent manner when compared with the NG group,while the ALP activity could not be blocked by Noggin protein [(48.63±1.03) vs.(47.37±0.97) U/mg protein,Day 3;P0.05].These results show that high glucose levels can evoke the calcification of HASMCs by inducing osteoblastic trans-differentiation and intracellular calcium deposition via the BMP-2/Cbfα-1 pathway,which can be partially blocked by Noggin protein.  相似文献   

5.
A series of PtCuCeMgAl quintuple hydrotalcite-like compounds with different Ce contents were synthesized by one-pot method. After calcining and reduction, CeO_2-modified Mg(Al)O-supported Pt–Cu alloy catalysts were obtained. To understand the effect of Cu and Ce, the structure and physico-chemistry properties of the catalysts were characterized and analyzed, and the catalytic behaviors were investigated in a direct dehydrogenation of propane to propene. The results show that the Pt~(4+), Cu~(2+), and Ce~(3+) ions can be incorporated into the brucite-like layers and the Ce content significantly affects the interaction strength between Pt and Cu and the dehydrogenation performance of propane. Under the reaction conditions, the highest propane conversion(45%) with 89% selectivity to propene and a 40% propene yield were achieved with a 0.3 wt% Ce-modified PtCu/Mg(Al)O catalyst. The improved catalytic performance is related to the easy formation of Pt–Cu alloy phase, excellent resistance to sintering, and coke deposits of active components modified by CeO_2.  相似文献   

6.
Fluids (fluorine, chlorine, and OH) in accessory minerals (apatite, titanite and allanite) of Pan-African granitoids(Group-Ⅰ granitoids, Group-Ⅱ granitoids and Mefjell Plutonic Complex) from the Sor Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica were precisely measured by an electronic microprobe analyzer in this study. Apatites in the granites have commonly high fluorine contents. However, fluorine contents from the Group-Ⅰ, Group-Ⅱ granitoids and Mefjell Plutonic Complex (MPC) are of important variation, which F contents (3.21～7.20 wt%) in apatite from the Group-Ⅱ granitoids are much higher than those from the Group-Ⅰ granitoids (1.22～3.60 wt%) and the MPC (3.21～4.11 wt%). Titanite in the MPC has a low fluorine content (0.23～0.50 wt%), being less than those in the Group-Ⅰ granitoids (2.28 wt%) and Group-Ⅱ granitoids (1.85～2.78 wt%). Fluorine in allanite in the Group-Ⅱ granitoids seems to have much lower contents than those from the Group-Ⅰ granitoids and the MPC. Higher fluorine contents in the titanite from the Group-Ⅱ granitoids may be mainly controlled by late-magmatic fluid-rock interaction processes associated with melt, but may not be indicative of original magma contents based on its petrographic feature. Due to very lower chlorine contents from all of accessory minerals, the authors suggest that titanite and apatite with higher fluorine contents in the Group-Ⅱ granitoids have much lower H2O (OH) contents compared with those in the Group-Ⅰ granitoids according to the partition among (F, Cl, OH).Fluorine contents in whole-rock samples show a variation from the higher in the Group-Ⅰ granitoids to the lower in the Group-Ⅱ granitoids and the MPC, which are consistent with the changes of those from the biotite and hornblende as well as fluorite occurred in the Group-Ⅰ granitoids reported previously. Based on the above study of fluorine in accessory minerals and combined with the previous fluorine contents from biotites and hornblendes, the authors suggest that apatites and titanites with higher F contents in the Group-Ⅱ granitoids and the MPC may not be an indicator of higher fluorine contents in whole-rock, which reflect fluorine contents in magma sources and/or late-thermal activity. Higher fluorine contents in apatite, titanite and allanite may be an additional evidence of A-type affinity.  相似文献   

7.
In the present work, the potential of acaricidal activity of chamomile flowers' extract was studied against engorged Rhipicephalus annulatus tick under laboratory condition. For this purpose, the engorged females of Rhipicephalus annulatus were exposed to two-fold serial dilutions of chamomile flowers' extract (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 4.0% and 8.0%) using "dipping method" in vitro. The engorged ticks were immersed in different plant dilutions (five ticks for each dilution) for 1 min and they were imme-diately incubated in separate Petri dishes for each replicate at 26 °C and 80% relative humidity. Mortality rate for each treatment was recorded 5 d after incubation. The mortality rate caused by different dilutions of chamomile flowers' extract ranged from 6.67% to 26.7%, whereas no mortality was recorded for non-treated control group. The mass of produced eggs varied from 0.23 g (in 8.0% solution) to 0.58 g (in control), with no statistical differences between the treatments and control (P>0.05). Also the chamomile flowers' extract in highest concentration used (8.0%) caused 46.67% failure in egg laying in engorged females while no failure was observed for non-treated control group. Macroscopic observations indicated that in effective concentrations of plant (4.0% and 8.0%), patchy hemorrhagic swelling appeared on the skin of treated ticks. The results presented for the first time in this study imply that chamomile may be considered as a promising plant for biocontrol of cattle fever tick disease in the field condition.  相似文献   

8.
Fluids (fluorine, chlorine, and OH) in accessory minerals (apatite, titanite and allanite) of Pan-African granitoids (Group-I granitoids, Group-II granitoids and Mefjell Plutonic Complex) from the S?r Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica were precisely measured by an electronic microprobe analyzer in this study. Apatites in the granites have commonly high fluorine contents. However, fluorine contents from the Group-I, Group-II granitoids and Mefjell Plutonic Complex (MPC) are of important variation, which F contents (3.21~7.20 wt%) in apatite from the Group-II granitoids are much higher than those from the Group-I granitoids (1.22~3.60 wt%) and the MPC (3.21~4.11 wt%). Titanite in the MPC has a low fluorine content (0.23~0.50 wt%), being less than those in the Group-I granitoids (2.28 wt%) and Group-II granitoids (1.85~2.78 wt%). Fluorine in allanite in the Group-II granitoids seems to have much lower contents than those from the Group-I granitoids and the MPC. Higher fluorine contents in the titanite from the Group-II granitoids may be mainly controlled by late-magmatic fluid-rock interaction processes associated with melt, but may not be indicative of original magma contents based on its petrographic feature. Due to very lower chlorine contents from all of accessory minerals, the authors suggest that titanite and apatite with higher fluorine contents in the Group-II granitoids have much lower H2O (OH) contents compared with those in the Group-I granitoids according to the partition among (F, Cl, OH). Fluorine contents in whole-rock samples show a variation from the higher in the Group-I granitoids to the lower in the Group-II granitoids and the MPC, which are consistent with the changes of those from the biotite and hornblende as well as fluorite occurred in the Group-I granitoids reported previously. Based on the above study of fluorine in accessory minerals and combined with the previous fluorine contents from biotites and hornblendes, the authors suggest that apatites and titanites with higher F contents in the Group-II granitoids and the MPC may not be an indicator of higher fluorine contents in whole-rock, which reflect fluorine contents in magma sources and/or late-thermal activity. Higher fluorine contents in apatite, titanite and allanite may be an additional evidence of A-type affinity.  相似文献   

9.
The solubilities of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate and sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate in sulfuric acid solutions were measured at temperatures ranging from 278.15 to 338.15 K by using a dynamic method. The concentration of sulfuric acid solution ranged from 0 to 80wt%,. The solubilities of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate and sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate increased with temperature, and both of them were the lowest at 70wt %, of sulfuric acid solution(w~0_3 =0.70)while the highest in pure water. The solubility data were correlated by the modified Apelblat equation. Based on the solubility difference between 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate and sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate, a new technique in which sodium sulfate was used to replace sodium sulfite in the neutralization reaction was developed. The suitable mole ratio of H_2O to Na_2SO_4 in the neutralization reaction was 80∶1, and that of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate to Na_2SO_4 was 3.2∶1. The material balance under the suitable mole ratios was given and discussed.  相似文献   

10.
A rice pse(t) (premature senescence, tentatively) mutant line, was isolated from 4500 independent T-DNA inserted transgenic lines. The symptoms of premature senescence appeared more severely than those of the control plants (Zhonghua 11,japonica) at the last development stage. To characterize the mutant and provide basic information on the candidate genes by mapping to a physical region of 220-kb, experiments were carried out in two phytotrons under controlled temperature of 24 ℃ and28 ℃, respectively. The content of chlorophyll, soluble protein and MDA (malondialdehyde), net photosynthesis, the antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD (superoxide dismuase) (EC 1.15.1.1) and POD (peroxidase) (EC 1.11.1.7) and the peptidase activities of leaves were measured from top to bottom according to the leaf positions at the flowering stage. Compared with the control plant,the mutant showed the following characteristics: (1) Higher net photosynthesis rate (Pn) appeared in the 1 st and 2nd leaves, contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein were also higher in the 1 st leaf; (2) The activities of SOD, POD and peptidase were higher according to the leaf position from top to bottom; (3) The symptom of premature senescence was accelerated in the mutant at 28℃treatment. The MDA content and the SOD and POD activities between the 24 ℃ and 28 ℃ treatment mutants were not significantly different. Content of chlorophyll and soluble protein of leaves mutant decreased rapidly at 28 ℃ treatment. The results show that pse(t) is sensitive to high temperature. The probable function of PSE(T) is discussed.  相似文献   

11.
INTRODUCTION Insects are the most successful group of animals constituting about 76% of known species of animals (Yoloye, 1988). Insects affect man either as destroy- ers of man’s valuable materials and crops or as sources of his nutrients. Goodman (1989) reported that chitin, an important insect component, can sig- nificantly reduce serum cholesterol, and serve as a haemostatic agent for tissue repairs and for acceler- ating healing of burns and wound. The cultural prac- tice of entomop…  相似文献   

12.
In the present work, the fruits of four Morus species, namely Morus alba (white mulberry), Morus nigra (black mulberry), Morus laevigata (large white fruit), and Morus laevigata (large black fruit), were analyzed for proximate composition, essential minerals, and antioxidant potentials. For this purpose, the ripe fruits were collected from the northern regions of Pakistan. The major nutritional components (moisture, ash, lipids, proteins, fibres, carbohydrates, and total sugar) were found to be in the suitable range along with good computed energy. Total dry weight, pH, and titratable acidity (percent citric acid) were (17.60±1.94)–(21.97±2.34) mg/100 g, (3.20±0.07)–(4.78±0.15), and (0.84±0.40)%–(2.00±0.08)%, respectively. Low riboflavin (vitamin B2) and niacin (vitamin B3) contents were recorded in all the fruits, while ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was in the range from (15.20±1.25) to (17.03±1.71) mg/100 g fresh weight (FW). The mulberry fruits were rich with regard to the total phenol and alkaloid contents, having values of (880±7.20)–(1650±12.25) mg/100 g FW and (390±3.22)–(660±5.25) mg/100 g FW, respectively. Sufficient quantities of essential macro-(K, Ca, Mg, and Na) and micro-(Fe, Zn, and Ni) elements were found in all the fruits. K was the predominant element with concentration ranging from (1270±9.36) to (1731±11.50) mg/100 g, while Ca, Na, and Mg contents were (440±3.21)–(576±7.37), (260±3.86)–(280±3.50), and (240±3.51)–(360±4.20) mg/100 g, respectivly. The decreasing order of micro-minerals was Fe>Zn>Ni. The radical scavenging activity of methanolic extract of fruits was concentration-dependent and showed a correlation with total phenolic constituents of the respective fruits. Based on the results obtained, mulberry fruits were found to serve as a potential source of food diet and natural antioxidants.  相似文献   

13.
应用火焰型原子吸收光度法测定淮河鳙鱼(Aristichthys nobilis)不同组织器官(鳞片、鳔、心脏、肌肉、鳃盖骨、尾鳍、脑、脾、皮肤、胆、眼球、肠、鳃和肝胰脏)中的Cu、Mn、Cd、Fe、Ni和Zn等6种重金属含量。结果表明,淮河鳙鱼不同组织器官中的Cu、Mn、Cd、Fe、Ni和Zn的含量不同,其中Fe(59.168 mg/kg)和Zn(50.220 mg/kg)含量均明显高于其他重金属含量,鳙鱼心脏中Fe(370.220 mg/kg)和Zn(229.659 mg/kg)含量最高,其次为肠、鳃、肝胰脏;Cu在肝胰脏、心脏和肠中的含量较高(13.254mg/kg、8.874 mg/kg、3.120 mg/kg),其他组织较低;Mn在肠、鳃盖骨、鳃中含量较高,但心脏中含量最少;Cd和Ni在心脏、鳔、鳞片、鳃盖骨中含量较高,在肠中的含量均较低,但淮河鳙鱼不同组织中Cd的含量超过国家卫生食用标准,其食用部分不能食用。  相似文献   

14.
Objective: We aim to describe the environment iodine concentration in salt, water and soil along Zhejiang Province coast in the China foreland. It will be helpful for us to judge whether this area is insufficient in iodine and universal iodized salt is necessary or not. Methods: We collected iodized salt samples, drinking water samples (tap water in the towns, and well water or spring water in the villages), water samples from different sources (ditches, lakes, rivers) and soil samples through random sampling in June, 2005. Salt, water and soil iodine was detected by arsenic-cerium redox method. Statistical analysis was expressed as mean±SEMby Windows SPSS 13.0. Results: (1) The iodine concentration in salt was 27.9±4.33 mg/kg (n=108). (2) Seventy-five water samples were collected. The water iodine value was 0.6～84.8 μg/L (mean of 11.66 μg/L). The watershed along the Qiantang River has significantly higher iodine content than the water in Lin'an in mountain area (P＜0.01). The iodine content and mean iodine content of tap water, well or spring water and natural water sources were 4.30±2.43 μg/L (n=34), 23.59±27.74 μg/L (n=19)and 12.72±10.72 μg/L (n=22) respectively. This indicated that among environmental water sources, the ditch iodine content was the highest with river water iodine being the lowest (P＜0.01). (3) Soil iodine value was 0.11～2.93 mg/kg (mean of 1.32 mg/kg).Though there was no statistical difference of soil iodine in different districts (P=0.131), soil iodine content correlated positively with water iodine content. Conclusion: Iodine concentration in salt accords with national policy of adding iodine in salt. Foreland has more iodine in water than mountain area. The data reflected that water and soil iodine in foreland area was not high, which suggests universal iodized salt should be necessary. Environment iodine has relatively close association with pollution.  相似文献   

15.
This report describes in vitro micropropagation of Boscia senegalensis, so-called famine foods, that helped the people in Darfur and Kordofan, Sudan survive during the 1984–1985 famine. Four types of explants prepared from green mature zygotic embryos were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with 1–5 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA). The highest number of shoots per explant (14.3±0.9) was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/L BA, while the highest shoot length [(3.5±0.4) cm] was obtained with 1 mg/L BA. The shoot cluster, when subcultured to its same medium, significantly increased the rate of shoot multiplication by the end of the third subculture. The maximum mean number of shoots per explant (86.5±3.6) was produced after three multiplication cycles on 3 mg/L BA-supplemented medium. In vitro induced shoots were excised and rooted on half strength MS medium fortified with 0.25 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to obtain complete plantlets. B. senegalensis-regenerated plantlets obtained in vitro for the first time, were hardened and 95% survived under greenhouse conditions.  相似文献   

16.
利用 195 3- 1993年全国烤烟单位面积产值、产量和上中等烟比重资料 ,将全国视为一个大区 ,划分全国烤烟高低产值、丰歉和优劣质年景 ,研究高低产值年烤烟产值与产量及上中等烟比重之间的关系 ,结果表明 :高产值年每hm2 烤烟平均产值 2 70 3 .0 3元、产量 16 0 8.75kg、上中等烟比重 49.77% ,气象产值、产量和上中等烟气象比重分别占实际产值、产量和上中等烟比重 17.92 %、11.2 4%和 3 .92 % ,由于气象条件有利使单产增加和上中等烟比重提高而增加的产值分别占气象产值 49.71%和 5 0 2 9% ;低产值年每hm2 烤烟平均产值 15 2 4.90元、产量 10 75 .71kg、上中等烟比重 42 .5 6 % ,气象产值、产量和上中等烟气象比重的绝对值分别占实际产值、产量和上中等烟比重 2 9.97%、18.6 9%和 2 .87% ,由于气象条件不利使单产减少和上中等烟比重降低而减少的产值分别占气象产值 5 2 .91%和47.0 9%。  相似文献   

17.

Objective

The aim of this study was to formulate polymer-based artesunate nanoparticles for malaria treatment.

Methods

Artesunate was loaded with poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) by solvent evaporation from an oil-in-water single emulsion. Nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry analyses. In vivo antimalarial studies at 4 mg/kg were performed on Swiss male albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Hematological and hepatic toxicity assays were performed. In vitro cytotoxicity of free and encapsulated artesunate (Art-PLGA) to cell line RAW 264.7 was determined at concentrations of 7.8–1000 μg/ml.

Results

The particle size of the formulated drug was (329.3±21.7) nm and the entrapment efficiency was (38.4±10.1)%. Art-PLGA nanoparticles showed higher parasite suppression (62.6%) compared to free artesunate (58.2%, P<0.05). Platelet counts were significantly higher in controls (305 000.00±148 492.40) than in mice treated with free artesunate (139 500.00±20 506.10) or Art-PLGA (163 500.00±3535.53) (P<0.05). There was no sign of hepatic toxicity following use of the tested drugs. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Art-PLGA (468.0 μg/ml) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of free artesunate (7.3 μg/ml) in the in vitro cytotoxicity assay.

Conclusions

A simple treatment of PLGA-entrapped artesunate nanoparticles with dual advantages of low toxicity and better antiplasmodial efficacy has been developed.
  相似文献   

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