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1.
Simon RM 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2010,19(6):642-653
The relationship between gender, knowledge of biotechnology, attitudes toward biotechnology, and various socio-demographic variables was investigated using the Eurobarometer 52.1. It was found that neither socio-demographics, nor differing levels of scientific knowledge could explain females' greater probability of being pessimistic toward biotechnology. After running separate models for males and females, it was discovered that, for males, more knowledge of biotechnology decreased their probability of being pessimistic about science, but for females more knowledge of biotechnology actually lead to a greater probability of being pessimistic. Further, a gender-education interaction was discovered that revealed that, for males, education and knowledge of biotechnology have independent effects on attitudes, but for females education has no effect on attitudes towards biotechnology when knowledge is controlled. The results for females complicate the deficit model of social support for science, which posits that more knowledge of science always leads to more positive attitudes. 相似文献
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基于社会交换理论,探讨买方驱动的知识转移活动如何影响供应商合作创新态度。利用问卷调查方法,以304家汽车行业本土供应商企业的经验数据为样本,运用SPSS19.0分析工具进行层次回归分析,对理论假设进行实证研究。结果表明：（1）买方驱动的知识转移活动对供应商合作创新态度有促进作用;（2）优先客户地位在买方驱动的知识转移活动和供应商合作创新态度的关系中具有完全中介作用;（3）供应商感知的知识价值在买方驱动的知识转移活动和优先客户地位、供应商合作创新态度间均发挥调节作用。研究结果揭示了买方驱动的知识转移活动激发供应商合作创新态度的过程,对买方争夺供应商资源有一定的启示作用。 相似文献
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Fostering positive attitudes and increasing knowledge are key success factors for enterprise systems. Training can improve knowledge, but little research has investigated the effects of domain-relevant knowledge on salient cognitive beliefs and attitude in technology acceptance. We highlight the critical role of domain-relevant knowledge in the formation of beliefs and the shaping of attitude by developing a model of informed technology acceptance. We hypothesize the positive effects of multi-dimensional enterprise resource planning (ERP) knowledge on salient cognitive beliefs (i.e., ERP self-efficacy, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness) and general affective attitude toward an ERP system. Using survey data from gamified ERP training of 248 professionals from three different organizations, results support the proposed model, suggesting that ERP knowledge is an important antecedent of ERP self-efficacy, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and attitude. We find that ERP knowledge exhibits both direct and indirect effects on attitude. Moreover, we find that gamified training is an effective means of improving ERP knowledge. 相似文献
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Despite humanoid service robots having attracted considerable research attention, it remains unclear how consumers respond to some specific human characteristics of robots. Drawing from theories on social categorization and identification, we study the role of consumer perceived control as a psychological mechanism to explain how human-robot gender congruity alters consumers’ affective reactions (feelings of comfort in the service encounter and service brand attitudes). We also consider that such gender congruity effects may be contingent on the individual cultural value of masculinity. We demonstrate experimentally that human-robot gender congruity (vs. incongruity) elicits more positive affect, while masculinity moderates some of these effects. Moreover, perceived control mediates effects of gender congruity on affective reactions only for consumers high on masculinity. We offer three major theoretical contributions as we 1) focus on social identity theory to shed light on how human-robot gender congruity affects consumer behavior in service encounters, 2) demonstrate the role of perceptions of control as a psychological process variable to explain these effects, and 3) provide insights into the role of the cultural value of masculinity as a factor that shapes human-robot gender congruity effects. 相似文献
7.
Bono JJ 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2010,101(3):555-559
As a field of study, literature and science has gradually expanded to encompass both the impact of science on literary culture and the literary-linguistic practices intrinsic to the production of scientific knowledge. Such transformations both reinforce and fundamentally recalibrate the detailed attention focused on scientific practice by historians of science since the 1980s. As a result, this essay and the Focus section it introduces suggest that history of science and literature and science are, in fact, interdependent fields. Attention to their convergences will yield better understanding of the performative dimensions of scientific practices and thence of science itself as a form of making of knowledge of things and events in the world of nature. Science as a form of making involves the convergence of things, material practices, and a panoply of meaningful artifacts-instruments of thought and action-that refuse any simple dichotomy between "text" and "action." 相似文献
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科技对社会公平的冲击体现在加剧原有的社会不公平和引发新的社会不公平两个维度上。科技作用于经济使经济差距扩大;作用于知识使缺乏科技知识的公众处境艰难;科技作用于竞争等社会机制产生新的不公平,某些生命科技可能将人自身的差异转化为不公平。除了继续发展科技使科技不断修正自身外,还需要科技政策和经济政策合力调控、普及科技使用知识、规范科技在竞争机制中的应用以及对重点领域科技进行平等调节等辅助机制。 相似文献
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Christian Köhler 《Research Policy》2012,41(8):1344-1356
The shift toward more open and interconnected innovation activities has been a major topic in recent academic and practitioner discussions. Firms must connect their in-house R&D activities with external partners, such as leading customers or universities, to increase the effectiveness of their innovation activities. Hence, management needs to define where to search for valuable knowledge in its environment. In this paper we argue that knowledge search has to reflect the heterogeneity of various knowledge sources with regard to the knowledge they can provide and how these sources can be activated. We hypothesize that search strategies driven by science, suppliers and the product market will contribute differently to innovation success with new-to-market versus imitated products. Moreover, we explore the effect of these types of knowledge search within different sectoral patterns of innovation. Our empirical analysis rests on a sample of almost 5000 firms from five Western European countries. The results support our hypotheses and highlight the potentials and shortcomings of different types of knowledge search. 相似文献
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Gauchat G 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2011,20(6):751-770
Using the National Science Foundation's 2006 Science Indicators Survey, this study explores three distinct explanations of public attitudes. First, the knowledge-attitudes model refers to a well tested relationship between public knowledge of science and more favorable attitudes toward science. Second, the alienation model hypothesizes that public disassociation with science is a symptom of a general disenchantment with late modernity, mainly, the limitations associated with codified expertise, rational bureaucracy, and institutional authority. A third approach emphasizes the cultural meaning of science: how various public beliefs about "what science is" relate to acceptance or reservations about science. The Science Indicators Survey shows that US adults view science (what it is or should be) in three distinct ways: (1) in terms of having a systematic method, (2) in terms of social location (i.e., takes place in a university or a laboratory), and (3) in terms of knowledge that should accord with commonsense and tradition. The findings in this study indicate that the knowledge-attitudes, alienation, and cultural meanings models are all valuable for understanding the cultural authority of science. However, the strength of these explanations depends on the type of attitude analyzed. 相似文献
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数据素养已成为影响科研能力的重要因素。通过对上海地区高校教师的问卷调查,从数据态度、数据意识、数据知识、数据技能、对数据服务的需求5个方面,对高校文科和理工科教师数据素养的现状和需求进行对比与分析。目前高校教师的数据态度和数据意识整体上呈现积极乐观趋势,但数据知识和数据技能欠缺,亟待开展嵌入科研的数据服务;同时,文理科教师均对数据服务需求强烈,但同中有异,图书馆要按各自需求侧重不同的服务方面。 相似文献
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This paper focuses on the knowledge generation property of science, asking the question how the historical success of science in the field of knowledge generation can be articulated to make it relevant to all approaches used for scientific knowledge generation in a pluralist reality. It proposes that science can be described more appropriately as a capability rather than to describe it methodologically and also provides preliminary indications on how to go about describing science as a capability. The goal of the investigation is to add value to the third generation of knowledge management where knowledge generation becomes important, not only knowledge diffusion. It assumes that knowledge generation is of foundational importance in practical problem solving. 相似文献
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Pandora K Rader KA 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):350-364
The history of science is more than the history of scientists. This essay argues that various modem "publics" should be counted as belonging within an enlarged vision of who constitutes the "scientific community"--and describes how the history of science could be important for understanding their experiences. It gives three examples of how natural knowledge-making happens in vernacular contexts: Victorian Britain's publishing experiments in "popular science" as effective literary strategies for communicating to lay and specialist readers; twentieth-century American science museums as important and contested sites for conveying both scientific ideas and ideas about scientific practice; and contemporary mass-mediated images of the "ideal" scientist as providing counternarratives to received professional scientific norms. Finally, it suggests how humanistic knowledge might help both scientists and historians grapple more effectively with contemporary challenges presented by science in public spheres. By studying the making and elaboration of scientific knowledge within popular culture, historians of science can provide substantively grounded insights into the relations between the public and professionals. 相似文献
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Allison D. Watts Robert D. Hamilton III 《The Journal of High Technology Management Research》2011,22(2):81-93
Technologists seek to advance practical applications of science while scientists seek to advance knowledge which may or may not have a practical application. Firms with a stronger basic science focus, e.g. biology and chemistry, seek to advance their scientific knowledge foundation in addition to developing and selling innovative products. Firms with a more highly applied science foundation (medicine, engineering, etc.) prioritize the development and sale of innovative products. Combining an Absorptive Capacity (AC) approach with Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) this study explores and explains how firms gain knowledge and perform given their scientific focus.Findings indicate that firms with a stronger basic science orientation are less profitable than firms with a stronger applied science orientation. Applied science firms had more acquisitions and cooperative organizations but both types of firms were more likely to acquire other firms in their quest to build knowledge stores rather than partner. Partnerships with universities were more prevalent among basic science firms than with applied science firms. 相似文献
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摘要：知识经济时代凸显了知识和经济的相关性，也导致了知识生产和使用间的矛盾。推动科技成果转化，是走出知识悖论、加快技术转移的有效路径。然而科技成果转化并非径情直遂，国外经验研究表明，若要真正取得科技成果转化的成效，其先决条件却是保持知识的自由流动、提高大学和科学技术研究的内在品质。 相似文献
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Amin L Ahmad J Jahi JM Nor AR Osman M Mahadi NM 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2011,20(5):674-689
Despite considerable research in advanced countries on public perceptions of and attitudes to modern biotechnology, limited effort has been geared towards developing a structural model of public attitudes to modern biotechnology. The purpose of this paper is to identify the relevant factors influencing public attitudes towards genetically modified (GM) soybean, and to analyze the relationship between all the attitudinal factors. A survey was carried out on 1,017 respondents from various stakeholder groups in the Klang Valley region. Results of the survey have confirmed that attitudes towards complex issues such as biotechnology should be seen as a multifaceted process. The most important factors predicting support for GM soybean are the specific application-linked perceptions about the benefits, acceptance of risk and moral concern while risk and familiarity are significant predictors of benefit and risk acceptance. Attitudes towards GM soybean are also predicted by several general classes of attitude. 相似文献
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信任能降低公众对人工智能技术的风险感知吗 《科学学研究》2021,39(10):1748-1757
论文基于一项全国性抽样问卷调查,从主效应和交互效应两个层面,探究信任是否以及如何塑造公众对人工智能技术的风险感知。结果显示：对政府官员和科学家的信任,均显著降低了对人工智能技术的风险感知;信任政府官员的影响力,不仅高于信任科学家,也高于人工智能知识;对科学家能力信任的影响力高于对科学家的道德信任。除了主效应,信任与知识之间还存在相互强化的交互效应,即信任对技术风险感知的影响力随着人工智能知识水平的上升而增强,随着知识水平的下降而减弱。论文进一步讨论了上述研究结果对风险管理与风险传播的政策意义与未来研究方向。 相似文献
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《Endeavour》2019,43(4):100709
The independence of science was long seen as of prime importance. This position has become less common today. The perception of scientific research as a public service has led to the opinion that it must be accountable to citizens and produce knowledge and innovation that meet their expectations. Numerous authors have voiced the need for anticipatory ethical control of innovation focusing on the scientific research process. This control is considered as the must-have guarantee for “good science.” The current article attempts to trace the ideological origins of the ethical control of innovation, examines its effectiveness against the challenge of globalization and technology-derived major threats and its compatibility with scientific methodology. It also suggests ways to both regulate the innovation process and preserve the independence of science. On the whole, we conclude that truly effective ethical regulation of innovation, i.e. one that protects the greatest number from its adverse effects, is achieved first and foremost by questioning our liberal economic model and the place given to science in our societies. 相似文献
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史少博 《科学对社会的影响》2011,1(2):64-71
现代社会,飞速发展的科学技术就像一把双刃剑,既能给人类带来福祉,也能给人类带来灾难。这促使我们对人造危险反思：随着高科技的发展,从核武器到恐怖主义、从食品安全到传染病肆虐,从生物工程到伦理冲击,从智能发展到人身受到威胁等,都需要人类对科技发展进行科学决策,有效遏制人造危险的蔓延。 相似文献
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自20世纪90年代中期以来,“公众科学”的概念逐渐受到学界关注并形成了一个新的研究领域,但目前学界对于“公众科学”的内涵仍没有共识。为此本文追溯了实践进路和政治进路两种不同内涵的公众科学的源起、内容与影响,并对两种公众科学的形成背景、理论预设、政策影响等方面的差异进行了系统比较;同时阐述了已有研究对于融合两种公众科学进路的尝试。最后,文章提出公众科学是一种以公众为主体的新知识生产方式,并结合国内公众科学情况提出了几点发展建议。 相似文献