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《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):131-141
AbstractNon-invasive and non-contact analyses were performed on a group of 28 ink drawings ascribed to the sixteenth-century Italian painter Luca Cambiaso and his followers. Drawings analysed in this investigation were selected from the collections of Musei di Strada Nuova in Genoa and of Museo del Prado in Madrid. Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), carried out at the Centro de Micro-Análisis de Materiales of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and at the Università di Firenze, provided elemental data on the inks and papers. The drawings in Genoa were studied at the Università di Genova using infrared relectography (IRR) and optical microscopy. Elemental composition of the inks was determined by comparison with a set of certified thin standards. Elemental analysis indicates that all of the drawings were executed with iron gall ink, except for one case where a mixed carbon black and iron gall ink was used. The PIXE data showed variations in the elemental concentrations of the materials used in the various inks, indicating the use of different recipes in their production. In some cases, these differences may help corroborate stylistic judgements to confirm or deny Cambiaso's authorship and separate autograph drawings from those of his pupils or imitators. PIXE analysis was also used to distinguish the presence of retouches and later additions. In some drawings, the combined use of IRR and optical microscopy revealed the presence of a dry carbon-based underdrawing, following a working method that seems more consistent with a workshop procedure than with the drawing technique of the master himself. 相似文献
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Historic parchment is a complex biological material, and due to various methods of production or inks used, unknown environmental histories of objects and heterogeneous nature of animal skin, it represents a particular analytical challenge. Due to the number of variables it is likely that patterns in degradation of these historic objects can only be revealed by surveying the material properties of a significant number of real objects. In this work, a sacrificial collection of ca. 100 historic parchments (fifteenth to twentieth century) was characterized using a range of techniques available to conservation practitioners that can usefully be used to reliably and rapidly characterize parchment. We focused on micro-destructive methods, such as shrinkage temperature (Ts), as the most widely used indicator of parchment degradation. Lipid content, roughness, and ink pH were additionally measured, while a limited number of samples containing iron gall ink were also examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and SEM-EDX, to explore the distribution of ink components. Even in the absence of detailed environmental histories, it is possible to acknowledge the significance of the effect of iron gall ink and its acidity, and of lipids on parchment degradation, as measured using Ts. This research reports valuable reference data, while the collection remains accessible for further research. 相似文献
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文件上的红色原子油印迹是档案制成材料的重要组成部分,印迹是否清晰、美观、耐久影响着档案材料的外观、使用和凭证价值,因此有必要开展其使用特征和保存特性的研究。通过耐久性实验测量印迹的色差值判断其耐久性能,对印迹进行宏观和微观分析以了解其速干性能和油墨扩散情况,运用X射线荧光光谱法对其主要元素成分进行检测,研究发现由于原子油成分、生产工艺不同,其耐久性能具有差异性,分为较耐久材料和不耐久材料;在使用选择上不仅要考虑其耐久性,还要兼顾色泽的美观度、速干程度、清晰度等;所有印迹不耐干热,在档案保管中要保证环境适宜,以免印迹出现褪色、模糊影响档案价值。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Prospero is an electronic document delivery project initiated by the John A. Prior Health Sciences Library at The Ohio State University resulting in a software program that provides patron access to documents that are transmitted using the Ariel system. Using Prospero, documents no longer have to be manually printed out, packaged, and distributed. Patrons no longer have to come to the library to pick up documents or wait for them to be delivered. Documents can be accessed from wherever patrons have Internet access. This paper provides an overview of the Ariel system, background on the evolution of electronic ILL services, and details the development and features of the Prospero system. 相似文献
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Birgit Anne van Driel Sharon R. van der Meer Klaas Jan van den Berg Joris Dik 《文物保护研究》2013,58(5):261-272
ABSTRACTTwentieth century paints often contain titanium dioxide and zinc oxide based white pigments that can range from photostable to highly photocatalytic. Photocatalytic pigments can cause the degradation of paint upon UV exposure, whereas photostable pigments may be benign or can protect paintings from degradation. Hence, knowing whether or not a pigment is photocatalytic is of high importance for risk assessment and the subsequent decision making process concerning storage and exposure conditions of objects. Here we present a proof of principle, focused on titanium white paints, for an easy-to-use and low-tech application of a commercial photocatalytic activity indicator ink (PAII) on embedded paint samples or cross sections. This test determines, qualitatively, if a photocatalytic pigment is present in a white paint sample. The PAII paint sample staining application shows an obvious color change, within five minutes of UV irradiation, for paint samples containing photocatalytic pigments. A microscope with a camera and a UV source are the only necessary equipment for the application of this method. A quantitative image processing protocol is also proposed as an extension of the staining method by applying open source software analysis to measure the color change using photographs. The test was evaluated on reference paints with well-characterized pigments and applied on samples from modern paintings by Piet Mondriaan, Robert Ryman, and Lucebert, indicating the presence of harmful photocatalytic pigments in these cases. The novel application of a commercial ink on paint samples offers a simple test, not just for assessment of photocatalytic activity of titanium white pigments, but which may in future be applied for the detection of photoactive forms of zinc white and other potentially harmful semiconductor pigments in art objects. 相似文献
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《图书馆管理杂志》2013,53(3-4):307-316
Abstract The WordSmith toolkit is an integrated set of tools written in Java that allows the user to extract words and phrases from full-text documents. It is used at OCLC to support research that should lead to improved indexes for full-text documents and better methods for developing and maintaining authority files and classification systems. 相似文献
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AbstractA wide-ranging sample set consisting of dry pigments, dyed textiles, organic and aniline-based dyes, gouaches and watercolors, fluorescent inks, and natural history specimens was exposed to light in air (20.9% oxygen) and near-anoxic environments. After a light dosage of approximately 17.5 Mlux-hours under controlled temperature and humidity conditions, 113 of 125 samples (90% of the sample set) were shown to exhibit less color change in a low-oxygen environment compared with its behavior in air. Thirty-nine percent of this subset displayed color change in anoxia that was between two and four times lower than that observed in air, whereas 47% showed color change in anoxia reduced by a factor of four or more. In contrast, six samples exhibited greater color change in anoxia than in air – these samples included Prussian blue watercolor (three samples), Antwerp blue watercolor, Verdigris dry pigment, and Fluorescent Yellow Winsor & Newton Gouache. Although the results from this small sample subset may cause concern when considering the use of anoxia in the conservation of cultural heritage, particularly for colorant systems whose behavior in anoxia has not yet been identified, this study demonstrates the overwhelming benefits of anoxic light exposure for the vast majority of samples investigated here. 相似文献
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Abstract There are a number of important documents that provide guidance in the consideration of library services supporting nursing programs and students at a distance. Standards are available from the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC), the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), and the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE). In addition, the Association of College and Research Libraries' (ACRL) Guidelines for Distance Learning Library Services offers interested parties another option, as do the more recently published Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education. This paper reports on a survey concerning these documents and their usefulness to those planning or enhancing library services in support of distance nursing programs and students. 相似文献
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Justin Michael Clark Elaine Beller Paul Glasziou Sharon Sanders 《Journal of the Medical Library Association》2021,109(2):201
Objective:The decisions and processes that may compose a systematic search strategy have not been formally identified and categorized. This study aimed to (1) identify all decisions that could be made and processes that could be used in a systematic search strategy and (2) create a hierarchical framework of those decisions and processes.Methods:The literature was searched for documents or guides on conducting a literature search for a systematic review or other evidence synthesis. The decisions or processes for locating studies were extracted from eligible documents and categorized into a structured hierarchical framework. Feedback from experts was sought to revise the framework. The framework was revised iteratively and tested using recently published literature on systematic searching.Results:Guidance documents were identified from expert organizations and a search of the literature and Internet. Data were extracted from 74 eligible documents to form the initial framework. The framework was revised based on feedback from 9 search experts and further review and testing by the authors. The hierarchical framework consists of 119 decisions or processes sorted into 17 categories and arranged under 5 topics. These topics are “Skill of the searcher,” “Selecting information to identify,” “Searching the literature electronically,” “Other ways to identify studies,” and “Updating the systematic review.”Conclusions:The work identifies and classifies the decisions and processes used in systematic searching. Future work can now focus on assessing and prioritizing research on the best methods for successfully identifying all eligible studies for a systematic review. 相似文献
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《文物保护研究》2013,58(1):104-111
AbstractValence House Museum (Dagenham, England) has, since 1963, housed not only a large collection of Fanshawe family portraits but also a very rich family archive which comprises estate and private papers from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries of at least two branches of the family. Of national and international interest are the papers of Sir Richard Fanshawe (1608-66) relating to his three embassies to the Iberian peninsula in the 1660s. Three documents from this collection were taken for conservation and treated using both aqueous and non-aqueous methods of deacidification. Prior to treatment, the papers were characterized using the techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA or XPS), thermogravimetry (TGA) and thermomechanical analysis (TMA and DLTMA). Measurements showed that the three papers were similar in composition and were basically cellulosic materials with varying trace levels of Fe and Cu impurities. All three documents contained iron gall ink; the ink of the Dublin letter had an additional feature in the form of small bright specks which were characterized as a form of mica. After conservation treatment the papers were examined using the above techniques in an attempt both to determine and to quantify any changes which had occurred during the treatment process. Scanning electron micrographs showed that pronounced changes had occurred in the surfaces of the treated papers. With XPS it was possible to measure the change in the surface composition of the papers which occurred on treatlp.ent. It was also found that the treatment reduced the thermal stability of the papers in all three cases. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT ARIEL is a high-speed, high-quality, cost-effective document delivery system that runs on the Internet. Journal articles can be sent from one place to another by scanning the article directly from the journal. The text and graphics are digitized into the computer, transmitted over the Internet, and printed on a laser printer at the receiving end. Developed in 1990 by the Research Libraries Group of the Research Libraries Information Network, ARIEL is becoming the document delivery system of choice for a rapidly growing number of users in the U.S. and abroad. The key advantages which ARIEL has over the fax are: (1) no long-distance phone charges; (2) high image resolution; (3) original source can be scanned; (4) can send and receive documents at the same time; (5) does not require dedicated equipment; and (6) documents can be stored and forwarded at a later time. In the very near future, ARIEL software will incorporate MIME (Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions) technology which will enable documents to be transmitted to the screen via e-mail from one individual to another. This paper describes the hardware and software requirements, the cost of getting started, and one library's experience, as part of a pilot project, with the ARIEL document delivery system. 相似文献
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Quantitatively oriented researchers differ in how they report the results of tests of statistical significance. Some authors report statistically significant results as less than an alpha level (e.g., p < .05), while others report exact p‐values (p = .04) from statistical software readouts. This paper argues that three reporting errors are possible when p‐values are reported based on computer readouts. First, the p‐value of obtained data can never be equal to, or less than, zero. Thus, reporting that a finding is p = .000 is an error. Second, rounding down errors can lead to factual inaccuracies. For example, it is inaccurate to report a p = .052 as p < .05. Finally, p‐values for wrong‐direction effects with one‐tailed tests must always be p> .50. Awareness of these issues should facilitate accurate statistical reporting. 相似文献
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《资料收集管理》2013,38(4):51-59
Abstract Visual ephemera is everyday materials of a transitory nature, rarely saved, which have a significant visual component. Postcards, movie posters, music concert posters, calendars, and illustrated brochures are examples of visual ephemera. Preservation issues related to visual ephemera include paper hydrolysis, clay coatings, chemically aggressive inks, photographic disintegration, and damage by mold, photo-oxidation, air pollutants, and improper handling. Conservation issues related to visual ephemera include paper repair, cleaning and stain removal, deacidification, and funding for conservation work. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT The importance of science and technology information in technological advancement and research and development is obvious. It contributes directly to economic development of a country. The paper highlights major problems facing Ghanaian academic and research libraries in their attempt to provide science and technology information. These include poor collections, inadequate funding, a lack of hard currency for ordering needed documents, a lack of trained manpower, poor communication networks, lack of cooperation among existing libraries and no firm government policies to support initiatives. The paper describes international initiatives and efforts including the IFLA/DANIDA Interlending and Document Delivery Project aimed at establishing global electronic links in order to improve availability of publications and information, which will lead to information transfer and ultimately to development. A training programme organized for six Ghanaian librarians in the United Kingdom and Denmark is described. It is concluded that access to online databases in the developed countries is essential since it provides the most up-to-date information. It is recommended that communications infrastructure be installed so that Ghanaian libraries can access scientific and technology information held in the developed countries. 相似文献
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《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):183-186
AbstractA yellowish copper vanadate mineral has been found in Swedish mural paintings from the fifteenth century. Small patches occur in malachite-green paint. Thirteen samples from five churches have been analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy with energy–dispersive X-ray spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and polarized light microscopy. The substance is evidently the rather uncommon mineral volborthite, with the chemical formula Cu3V2O7(OH)2.2H2O. Very small quantities have also been noted for another mineral, presumably calcio-volborthite, CaCu(VO4)(OH), also named tangeite. The results show that the conservator should always be observant for pigments not earlier noticed or reported. There are some old mines in Central Europe, e.g. in Germany, which contain malachite as well as copper vanadate minerals, and this is probably the origin of the yellow patches in the paintings. 相似文献
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美国对华研究信息源分析中图书专著的样本选择与引文分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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《The Reference Librarian》2013,54(91-92):5-22
Summary Reference works were present in the earliest libraries; and their numbers have grown inexorably ever since. They consume an increasing share of library acquisitions budgets. This article traces the evolution of reference collections, drawing on experiences at the author's library. The author concludes that while reference questions will always be with us; it is perhaps less certain that they will always be answered from “reference works” in collections labeled “reference.” 相似文献