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自上世纪60年代以来,美国学前教育政策发展和演变的价值取向突显"排富扶弱"的特点,具体表现为运用国家资源,为处境不利儿童建立学前教育机构,帮助其获得学前教育机会;推行标准化和绩效责任制,确保处境不利儿童接受高质量的教育;实施补偿教育,力保所有儿童都能达到国家或州发展和学业标准。这使得其国家资金投入增加、受益儿童数量递增,学前教育质量提高。我国目前仍面临着入园难、普及率低、质量低的困境,研究和借鉴美国学前教育政策,无疑具有重要现实意义和参考价值。我国应制定和实施"弱势补偿"方案,确保学前教育机会公平;实施准入和监控制度,确保学前教育质量;通过立法保障、增大资金投入,促进学前教育事业健康持续发展。 相似文献
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教育公平一直以来是国际教育改革与发展不懈追求的主要目标之一。自上世纪60年代以来,美国学前教育实施补偿教育,为处境不利儿童建立学前教育机构,推行标准化和绩效责任制．确保处境不利儿童接受高质量的教育。研究和借鉴美国学前补偿教育的有效经验,对我国学前教育质量和学前教育公平,特别是弱势儿童受教育方面,具有重要现实意义和参考价... 相似文献
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《陕西教育学院学报》2017,(4):144-148
近十年来,各国对处境不利儿童学前教育问题的重视程度日益提高。中国与印度同为发展中国家,具有相似的社会发展水平,这使借鉴印度解决处境不利儿童学前教育问题的探索成果,更具可能和现实意义。运用文献检索与分析的方法,介绍印度独立后处境不利儿童学前教育的发展概况,对法律与财政、政策与项目和非正规学前教育三个方面的措施进行分析,从中获得解决处境不利儿童学前教育问题的启示。结合我国的现状,提出建议:建立健全保障与支持系统、政府切实重视并干预、加大财政投入力度、加强师资建设以提高学前教育教学质量的建议及对策,促进我国处境不利儿童学前教育的发展。 相似文献
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印度政府为向3～6岁儿童提供必要的学前教育,采取了立法明确政府提供学前教育的责任、充分利用非政府组织和私立机构资源、优先保障弱势群体接受学前教育的权利、开展儿童预算评估等多项措施.虽然印度学前教育的发展取得了一定成效,但存在政府不重视学前教育、学前教育普及与资源投入不对称、政策和项目推行效率低等问题.在经济社会转型的重要时期,我国应吸取印度的教训,加大财政性学前教育投入,优先关注处境不利儿童的受教育权利,提高政策的执行力,多渠道筹集资金,稳步推进学前教育发展. 相似文献
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对学前教育质量的重新思考 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在涉及公众谈论的学前教育话题时,人们往往会交流和分享共同关注的问题,例如促进儿童发展、确保学习和入学的准备状态、为有特殊需求的或处境不利的儿童提供早期干预、适宜儿童发展的教学实践、学前教育课程模式、学前教育计划与效益的最优化、学前教育政策的制定与导向等等。而关注最甚的也许是关于学前教育的“质量”,以及与此有关的质量标准和质量监控等问题。换言之,人们最关注的是如何为社会、家庭和儿童提供优质的学前教育的问题。以“技术理性”为基础的对学前教育质量的思考和做法在世界范围内,曾有过有关学前教育质量的主流话语。… 相似文献
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近年来,世界主要国家与地区注重通过制定和实施学前教育发展战略保障并促进学前教育事业的积极健康发展.研究发现,当今国际学前教育发展战略主要呈现以下特点:促进学前教育的全面普及是国际学前教育发展战略的基本方向;推进学前教育公平是国际学前教育发展战略的价值追求;促进学前教育优质发展是国际学前教育发展战略的重要目标;以政府为主导是实施国际学前教育发展战略的根本原则;以公共财政为支撑是实施国际学前教育发展战略的坚实保障.这些经验对于我国制定中长期学前教育发展战略具有重要的启示与借鉴价值. 相似文献
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美国学前教育发展的经验对当前我国学前教育改革具有启示和借鉴意义。从美国发展学前教育的制定政策和法规、持续投入资金、提供适宜的教育服务等方面经验看,我国学前教育改革与发展的趋向应是：政府应加强投入和管理,承担起发展学前教育的主要责任;加快学前教育立法,以立法保障学前教育的健康发展;关注处境不利的儿童,推进我国学前教育公平。 相似文献
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Allison H. Friedman-Krauss Maia C. Connors Pamela A. Morris 《Journal of research on educational effectiveness》2017,10(1):68-95
Attending high-quality early childhood care and education (ECCE) is associated with higher cognitive and social-emotional skills, especially for children growing up in poverty, but access to high-quality ECCE is limited. This study capitalizes on the random assignment design of the Head Start Impact Study to better understand whether the randomized offer to attend Head Start, a free comprehensive child development program for low-income and at-risk children, raises the quality of ECCE in which children enroll. Multinomial logistic regression was used to isolate the intent-to-treat impacts of random assignment to Head Start on ECCE quality from impacts on enrollment in formal ECCE. Results indicate that children randomly assigned to receive Head Start (treatment), compared to children in the control group, were more likely to enroll in high-quality and, to a lesser extent, low-quality ECCE. Treatment impacts were largest at the high end of the quality distribution, were driven by increased enrollment in Head Start, and differed for 3- and 4-year-olds. These results highlight the important role of Head Start in providing high-quality ECCE for low-income children. 相似文献
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农村贫困地区幼儿保育和教育现状及其发展政策建议——以中部某省某国家级贫困县N镇为个案 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
农村贫困地区的幼儿保育和教育工作是我国实现全民教育目标所面临的最大难点。本研究选取我国中部某国家级贫困县N镇作为个案,以联合国教科文组织亚太办事处列出的21项幼儿保育和教育指标为基本框架,采取个人访谈、文献收集和现场观察等方法对农村贫困地区幼儿保育和教育工作开展现状展开全面调查。结果显示,N镇的幼儿保育现状和幼儿教育现状都十分不容乐观,存在的主要问题包括留守幼儿保育状况令人担忧;祖辈们的保育知识匮乏,保育方式不科学;幼儿保育医疗卫生条件差;幼儿园任课教师专业合格率偏低;幼儿园教育小学化倾向严重;地方政府对幼儿教育缺乏重视。造成这些问题的根源主要是我国现有相关法律法规不完善,管理体制存在弊端,幼儿教师农村就业渠道不畅。为促进我国农村贫困地区幼儿保育与教育工作的发展,应尽快制定内容完整的《幼儿保育和教育法》,完善我国幼儿保育与教育治理结构,重建其投资体制,加大中央政府与省级政府的投入职责,在政府引导下构建多种共同促进幼儿保育与教育工作发展的伙伴关系。 相似文献
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Hans Rudolf Leu Regine Schelle 《Early Years: An International Journal of Research and Development》2009,29(1):5-18
This article identifies the responsibilities for early childhood care and education (ECCE) in the German child and youth welfare system and shows the expansion of children's services. The official German statistics demonstrate that almost every child from the age of three to school age attends ‘Kindergarten’. Current policies and measures are therefore mainly focused on extending provision for the under‐threes. There are still enormous differences in the number of places available for children under three years of age between the eastern and western parts of Germany. Due to the increased significance of early education and the educational curricula drafted in all 16 Länder over the past few years, the qualifications required of professional pedagogues today have changed considerably. There is a broad consensus in Germany that it is necessary to redefine the course content and structure and put them on a theoretical basis. The article pinpoints the problems of children with special needs, and especially of those whose family language is not German. Despite some positive developments in German ECCE little progress has been made with regard to effectively implementing the conceptual unity of education, care and upbringing. 相似文献
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Grounded in ecocultural theory and utilizing in-depth interview data, this paper explores the experiences of 40 low-income immigrant mothers as they selected and secured early childhood care and education (ECCE) for their young children. Cultural and structural aspects of low-income immigrant families’ lives and their influence in shaping these families’ ECCE decision-making processes were examined. Latina and African mothers’ experiences were considered, as these mothers’ country of origin (COO) experiences were varied as well as their documentation statuses upon arrival in the US, with 15 of the Latinas being undocumented. Mothers discussed reasons for seeking ECCE, with maternal employment being most important. Some mothers looked to ECCE to recreate social experiences for their children similar to those in their COOs. Many mothers indicated looking for ECCE programs in which their children could learn English and interact with children from diverse backgrounds. Mothers tended to utilize social and organizational connections to secure ECCE and documentation of residence shaped the number and severity of obstacles mothers faced in securing ECCE. The findings from this study inform researchers, policymakers, and practitioners as to how both culture and structure shape ECCE decision making among low-income African and Latina/o immigrant families. 相似文献
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Dana C. McCoy Jorge Cuartas Jere Behrman Claudia Cappa Jody Heymann Florencia López Bóo Chunling Lu Abbie Raikes Linda Richter Alan Stein Günther Fink 《Child development》2021,92(5):e883-e899
Observational data collected prior to the pandemic (between 2004 and 2019) were used to simulate the potential consequences of early childhood care and education (ECCE) service closures on the estimated 167 million preprimary-age children in 196 countries who lost ECCE access between March 2020 and February 2021. COVID-19-related ECCE disruptions were estimated to result in 19.01 billion person-days of ECCE instruction lost, 10.75 million additional children falling “off track” in their early development, 14.18 million grades of learning lost by adolescence, and a present discounted value of USD 308.02 billion of earnings lost in adulthood. Further burdens associated with ongoing closures were also forecasted. Projected developmental and learning losses were concentrated in low- and lower middle-income countries, likely exacerbating long-standing global inequities. 相似文献
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Christine O’Farrelly 《Early Years: An International Journal of Research and Development》2014,34(4):329-347
Unlike the transitions children make between settings, those they undertake between age groups within early childhood care and education (ECCE) settings are seldom studied. Accordingly, this exploratory study followed seven preschool children (three boys and four girls) as they moved to new rooms in five ECCE settings. Structured observations of children’s behaviour were collected along with semi-structured parent interviews and participatory child interviews. All boys and one girl demonstrated increased anxiety behaviours following transitions. This gender difference was mirrored in parental reports of negative affect and aggression in sons, but independence and assertiveness amongst daughters. Families also reported shifts in children’s identity from expert to novice and a sense of becoming ‘big’. Interviews highlighted the challenges and opportunities underlying transitions, and parents provided a rich overview of the factors they believed support and hinder transitions, emphasising the importance of strong home-centre connections. These exploratory findings suggest that internal ECCE transitions may be unique junctures in children’s ECCE experiences. 相似文献
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The decade 1997 to 2007 was a dramatic one for Ireland. Driven by a strong economy it had low rates of unemployment and attracted a large population of immigrant workers. These changes impacted directly on family life – most particularly in the area of the education and care of young children. The recent and equally dramatic change in economic circumstances has provided an unexpected context for a significant policy shift in early childhood care and education (ECCE) which, if carefully managed, could have profound effects on young children and their families. This article considers what recent Irish ECCE policy tells us about views of children and childhoods and where Ireland stands in respect of early childhood provision; it identifies some distinctly Irish tensions and considers what the likelihood is that recent policy initiatives mark a significant move forward for those seeking high quality ECCE provision for young children. 相似文献
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International definitions of early childhood locate the field with the care and education of children between birth and six years. In Ireland, this definition applies to both pre-school and the infant classes of primary school. While primary school teachers in Ireland must hold a Bachelor of Education degree, there is no minimum training requirement for those working within the early childhood care and education (ECCE) sectors in crèches, pre-schools and so on. Consequently, the ECCE sector is characterised by a mix of trained, semi-trained and unqualified teachers. Many third-level Colleges, Universities and Institutes of Technology offer a degree programme in ECCE. One such college is Mary Immaculate College, offering a BA degree in ECCE since 2003. Drawing upon a BA ECCE Graduate Occupational Profile Survey, distributed to all graduates from the programme between 2007 and 2010, this paper explores a graduate's experiences with regard to their experiences of working within the ECCE sector. Although the majority of respondents were gainfully employed within the sector, the overarching finding across all graduate cohorts from 2007 to 2010 was that in Ireland, ‘ECCE is an undervalued under-appreciated profession’ (2009 graduate). 相似文献
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SHEN Guo-chang 《教育理论与实践》2008,(34)
民国时期山西初等教育以实施最早、规划完善、措施得力、效果显著而闻名于全国教育界,国民学校数、入学儿童数、学龄儿童入学率均在全国名列前茅。学龄儿童入学率最高时达72.2%,是中国近现代教育史上前所未有的奇迹。这一令人瞩目的办学成绩,引起了国内外教育界、新闻界的高度关注。教育部还以山西厉行初等教育程序为蓝本制定了全国初等教育实施计划。 相似文献