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Maughan RJ 《Journal of sports sciences》2005,23(9):883-889
The use of dietary supplements is widespread in sport and most athletes competing at the highest level of competition use some form of dietary supplementation. Many of these supplements confer no performance or health benefit, and some may actually be detrimental to both performance and health when taken in high doses for prolonged periods. Some supplements contain excessive doses of potentially toxic ingredients, while others do not contain significant amounts of the ingredients listed on the label. There is also now evidence that some of the apparently legitimate dietary supplements on sale contain ingredients that are not declared on the label but that are prohibited by the doping regulations of the International Olympic Committee and of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Contaminants that have been identified include a variety of anabolic androgenic steroids (including testosterone and nandrolone as well as the pro-hormones of these compounds), ephedrine and caffeine. This contamination may in most cases be the result of poor manufacturing practice, but there is some evidence of deliberate adulteration of products. The principle of strict liability that applies in sport means that innocent ingestion of prohibited substances is not an acceptable excuse, and athletes testing positive are liable to penalties. Although it is undoubtedly the case that some athletes are guilty of deliberate cheating, some positive tests are likely to be the result of inadvertent ingestion of prohibited substances present in otherwise innocuous dietary supplements. 相似文献
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RJ Maughan 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(9):883-889
The use of dietary supplements is widespread in sport and most athletes competing at the highest level of competition use some form of dietary supplementation. Many of these supplements confer no performance or health benefit, and some may actually be detrimental to both performance and health when taken in high doses for prolonged periods. Some supplements contain excessive doses of potentially toxic ingredients, while others do not contain significant amounts of the ingredients listed on the label. There is also now evidence that some of the apparently legitimate dietary supplements on sale contain ingredients that are not declared on the label but that are prohibited by the doping regulations of the International Olympic Committee and of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Contaminants that have been identified include a variety of anabolic androgenic steroids (including testosterone and nandrolone as well as the pro-hormones of these compounds), ephedrine and caffeine. This contamination may in most cases be the result of poor manufacturing practice, but there is some evidence of deliberate adulteration of products. The principle of strict liability that applies in sport means that innocent ingestion of prohibited substances is not an acceptable excuse, and athletes testing positive are liable to penalties. Although it is undoubtedly the case that some athletes are guilty of deliberate cheating, some positive tests are likely to be the result of inadvertent ingestion of prohibited substances present in otherwise innocuous dietary supplements. 相似文献
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For the athlete training hard, nutritional supplements are often seen as promoting adaptations to training, allowing more consistent and intensive training by promoting recovery between training sessions, reducing interruptions to training because of illness or injury, and enhancing competitive performance. Surveys show that the prevalence of supplement use is widespread among sportsmen and women, but the use of few of these products is supported by a sound research base and some may even be harmful to the athlete. Special sports foods, including energy bars and sports drinks, have a real role to play, and some protein supplements and meal replacements may also be useful in some circumstances. Where there is a demonstrated deficiency of an essential nutrient, an increased intake from food or from supplementation may help, but many athletes ignore the need for caution in supplement use and take supplements in doses that are not necessary or may even be harmful. Some supplements do offer the prospect of improved performance; these include creatine, caffeine, bicarbonate and, perhaps, a very few others. There is no evidence that prohormones such as androstenedione are effective in enhancing muscle mass or strength, and these prohormones may result in negative health consequences, as well as positive drug tests. Contamination of supplements that may cause an athlete to fail a doping test is widespread. 相似文献
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For the athlete training hard, nutritional supplements are often seen as promoting adaptations to training, allowing more consistent and intensive training by promoting recovery between training sessions, reducing interruptions to training because of illness or injury, and enhancing competitive performance. Surveys show that the prevalence of supplement use is widespread among sportsmen and women, but the use of few of these products is supported by a sound research base and some may even be harmful to the athlete. Special sports foods, including energy bars and sports drinks, have a real role to play, and some protein supplements and meal replacements may also be useful in some circumstances. Where there is a demonstrated deficiency of an essential nutrient, an increased intake from food or from supplementation may help, but many athletes ignore the need for caution in supplement use and take supplements in doses that are not necessary or may even be harmful. Some supplements do offer the prospect of improved performance; these include creatine, caffeine, bicarbonate and, perhaps, a very few others. There is no evidence that prohormones such as androstenedione are effective in enhancing muscle mass or strength, and these prohormones may result in negative health consequences, as well as positive drug tests. Contamination of supplements that may cause an athlete to fail a doping test is widespread. 相似文献
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Silvia Irene Verdugo Guzmán 《体育科研》2022,(6):47-53
虽然反对兴奋剂的各类国际法律文件之间是相互关联的,但由于具有盎格鲁-撒克逊风格的《世界反兴奋剂条例》(WADC)包含不同的私法规则,并非所有国家都会承认或在其国内法中进行修改,使其具有世界反兴奋剂机构(WADA)所期望的应有约束性,因此越来越有必要形成一套更加严格和有效的干预规范。随着体育运动与人权之间的联系愈加紧密,各类体育组织和联合会也应当更加尊重保障人权的普遍法律文件,尤其是在进行国际体育仲裁时,尊重并保障被指控兴奋剂违规运动员的辩护权就相当重要。关于兴奋剂争议解决程序和解决方案,西班牙国家法院已有不同路径,但自2021年11月西班牙《反兴奋剂法》颁布以来,国家法院的权限受到限制,仅在某些情况下才能诉诸国际体育仲裁院(CAS)。此外,虽然西班牙在《刑法典》的危害公共卫生罪中规定了兴奋剂犯罪,同时规定了法院对国际范围内运输、贩运兴奋剂物质和方法的行为具有管辖权,但适用该罪名的有效刑事制裁较少。因此,在体育经济市场不公平竞争的大背景下,应当将兴奋剂犯罪列为一种经济犯罪进行惩罚。 相似文献
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当样本检测呈阳性后,运动员要证明自己无过错必须证明禁用物质是如何进入体内的以及自己已经尽了最大的谨慎义务。对象认识的错误、第三人过错、丧失行为能力、食用受污染的公共食品等都可成为证明自己无过错的理由。运动员可以因为对医生合理的信赖、尽了善意的努力、年青和缺乏经验、诚实、情况紧急等原因证明自己无重大过错。国际体育仲裁院对过错程度认定的判例有利于增强反兴奋剂斗争的效果,但其过于谨慎的做法容易引发不公平裁判且导致判例的指引作用减弱。建议国际体育仲裁院将"成本效益"标准作为一个重要的考量因素,国际反兴奋剂机构缩小可供选择的营养品范围,继续扩充WADC的细则,明示运动员的行为标准。 相似文献
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为打击兴奋剂滥用行为,维护体育赛事的公平竞争,各国政府与各体育组织共同建立了世界反兴奋剂体系,并形成了一系列兴奋剂检查规则。然而,目前的世界反兴奋剂体系存在严格运动员责任与淡化运动员权利的矛盾。尽管2021版《WADC条例》已体现出保护运动员权利的趋势,但仍存在缺陷。兴奋剂检查权力滥用可能会引致程序失范,最终导致运动员参赛权、形象权等正当权利遭到减损。因此,在实施严格的兴奋剂检查的同时,也需保障运动员的正当权利。 相似文献
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《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(9):1276-1286
AbstractGrowing analytical challenges have arisen for the detection of misuse of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) in athletes the last years. Therefore, consideration of additional indirect markers can substantially aid the efforts to detect AAS abuse in athletes. Moreover, this approach can also help physicians to suspect AAS abuse when treating athletes. Laboratory markers highly indicative of AAS abuse in athletes include the considerable downregulation of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, elevation of haematocrit or serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase levels and for males reduced serum levels of both luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Moreover, physical signs suggestive of current AAS abuse are hypertension, apparent changes in behaviour making the athlete more irritable and aggressive and the sudden appearance of acne vulgaris in an adult athlete with no recent history of acne, while testicular atrophy and gynecomastia raise suspicion of current or past AAS abuse in male athletes. 相似文献
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刘苏 《山东体育学院学报》2010,26(10)
知名运动员的名誉权、隐私权等因新闻媒体侵犯而引起的冲突不可避免,由此引发的讼争也日益增加.而新闻侵权主体又以公众人物作为抗辩事由,阻却了知名运动员的权利救济.为此,探讨和明晰"知名运动员"作为新闻侵权抗辩事由的法理维度,不仅是规制体育新闻职业合法化的现实之需,更是保障知名运动员权利的当务之急. 相似文献
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通过对2022年北京冬奥会运动员瓦利耶娃案件的思考,对《世界反兴奋剂条例》（WADC）第10.10条规定的兴奋剂处罚取消比赛成绩例外之“除非公平另有要求”条款进行分析,指出该条款即公平原则例外情况在实际应用中存在的争议,即为保证体育运动的纯洁健康发展,对运动员实施取消所有比赛成绩时,必须注重对该例外情况的使用。但该条款的广泛性、模糊性以及赋予仲裁员无限制的自由裁量权,可能直接影响案件审理结果以及运动员的整个运动生涯。基于此,分析了公平原则例外情况在具体案件中的适用因素、存在不足以及相关完善建议。 相似文献
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Dimitrios P.Panagiotopoulos 《体育科研》2022,(6):35-39
《世界反兴奋剂条例》(WADC)于2003年首次由世界反兴奋剂机构(WADA)通过并于2004年生效。在希腊,议会根据第3516/2006号法律通过联合国教科文组织《反对在体育运动中使用兴奋剂国际公约》,使这一版本WADC得以生效,并作为国际体育法在本国适用。经修订的2021年实施版WADC于2021年1月1日生效,通过第4791/2021号法律在希腊实施,并据该法成立了国家反兴奋剂组织。WADA禁用名单是第4791/2021号法律的组成部分,应在WADA发布3个月后根据第4791/2021号法律生效,无须国家反兴奋剂组织进一步行动。兴奋剂违规不会自动导致处罚。根据第4791/2021号法律第10条的规定,运动员可在无重大过失或疏忽的情况下,通过向最高体育纠纷解决委员会提起上诉,以及在某些特殊情况下向CAS提起上诉,以取消或缩短禁赛期。强调：国家反兴奋剂组织应为运动员提供一个国内争议解决框架,以促进独立性、效率和成本效益以及各级的一致性和程序公正。 相似文献
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2021年实施版《世界反兴奋剂条例》回应了俄罗斯集体兴奋剂事件,加大了对兴奋剂违规行为的打击力度,增强了对运动员权利的保护程度,适应了反兴奋剂技术手段的科学发展。2021年实施版《世界反兴奋剂条例》在新增“阻挠、报复兴奋剂举报”这一类违规行为、增设“受保护的人员”与“业余运动员”新型主体类型、为社会毒品设置单独条款等方面的修订显著成功,但也存在着相关条款之间协调不够、反兴奋剂机构与运动员之间程序权利不平衡等不足。研究分析了2021年实施版《世界反兴奋剂条例》修订条款的主要内容,并考察了修订的主要原因。 相似文献
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Philip Hurst Maria Kavussanu Ian Boardley Christopher Ring 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(15):1734-1740
The aim of this study was to examine: 1) whether sport supplement use is related to doping and 2) whether sport supplement beliefs mediated this relationship. In Study 1, athletes (N = 598), completed measures of sport supplement use, sport supplement beliefs, and doping attitudes. In Study 2, athletes (N = 475) completed measures of sport supplement use, sport supplement beliefs, and doping likelihood. In both studies, sport supplement use predicted doping outcomes indirectly via sport supplement beliefs. Our findings provide novel evidence to suggest that sport supplement users, who strongly believe that sport supplements are effective, are more likely to dope. For anti-doping organisations wishing to prevent doping, targeting an athlete’s beliefs about sport supplements may improve the effectiveness of anti-doping prevention programmes. 相似文献
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《反兴奋剂条例》是我国反兴奋剂法律法规体系的主干。近年来,国际层面反兴奋剂治理的理念、规则、机构、权责都发生了较大变化,国内新修订的《中华人民共和国体育法》《中华人民共和国刑法修正案（十一）》在兴奋剂争端解决、入刑等方面也有新的发展,为我国反兴奋剂工作的法治化、制度化、规范化提供了有力支撑,指明了努力方向。我国《反兴奋剂条例》的修订,应适应当前反兴奋剂工作的需要,构建我国更为完善的反兴奋剂治理和争端解决体系,与国际反兴奋剂治理体系有效衔接,进而推进我国更多地参与国际反兴奋剂治理,提升在反兴奋剂和体育治理中的话语权。建议在《反兴奋剂条例》（修订草案）中明确兴奋剂概念、细化兴奋剂违规类型与违规处罚方式、增加争端解决机制。 相似文献
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在世界反兴奋剂机构诉孙杨和国际泳联一案中，双方争论的焦点之一是对《检查与调查国际标准》第5.3.3条及相关条款的解释。国际泳联反兴奋剂听证庭采用了严格的文义解释和体系解释，作出了有利于运动员的裁决。而国际体育仲裁院仲裁庭采用了文义解释和目的解释，认为样本采集人员资质符合规定。根据瑞士联邦最高法院的判例，解释重要国际体育联盟的规则应当遵守对法律规则的解释方法，因此对于反兴奋剂规则条款的解读应遵循“客观解释”，以理解文本的措辞为起点，辅之以其他解释方法。由于不同的规则解释方法之间没有严格的位阶顺序，仲裁员的价值观、法律背景，以及案件的难易程度、影响力等将会影响仲裁员对规则解释方法的选择。解释学上的形式推理无法根除抽象规则适用时的不确定性，适用不同解释方法可能得出相互冲突的结论，这就要求仲裁员运用衡量法则权衡各方利益，提高规则解释的合理性和稳定性。面对反兴奋剂规则文本含糊不清的特殊情形，可以将不利解释规则作为补充适用的解释方法，但必须符合相应的适用条件，放宽对仲裁员自由裁量权的限制。 相似文献
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《反兴奋剂运动员权利规则》是由世界反兴奋剂机构下属的运动员委员会制定,执行委员会批准通过的首个明确规定运动员在反兴奋剂活动中权利的文件。作为运动员参与反兴奋剂活动的基础,该文件的制定与修订争议不断,多集中于文件名称、法律地位及其内容中不具有强制执行力的部分。在体育组织的干预下,起草者修改了文件的名称并澄清“这不是一份法律文件”,使该文件的意义与价值存疑。建议在日后的修订中慎重考虑文件名称的匹配性,在厘清该文件与《世界反兴奋剂条例》及国际标准关系的基础上,赋予其法律效力或给予象征性法律规则的地位,完善对受侵犯权利救济的指引,加快建立申诉处理机制。 相似文献
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路云亭 《哈尔滨体育学院学报》2020,(2):1-10
二战以后,悲剧中的竞争精神开始从传统王室、国家、帮会转入高度理性化的工商业界,其中的一部分分流到了竞技体育领域,其中以足球为代表。欧洲文化中的悲剧精神得以以这样的形态延续。高水平的足球竞技充满了极端性张力,而悲剧通常由此境遇生发开来。足球的暴力燃点拓展到街头以后,其中的极端性事件已然深度触犯法制底线。在法律允许的范畴内,球迷生发出来的暴力行为仍不乏崇高美的元素。球场暴力貌似对社会的危害极大,其实它远低于车祸之类事情的威胁,形成如此反差类效果的动因在于媒体对足球暴力的报道。在媒体的悲剧性能量的促动下,足球暴力的负面作用被人为地夸大了。足球暴力性与社会生活中本然存在的阶级对立有关系,足球的社会悲剧性也体现在这里。许多球场暴力事件几乎构成了一种与黑帮电影相似的情节。足球在现代媒介的簇拥下开始与现代电影工业合流,两者共同缔造出一种全新的视觉效应。足球自身的暴力美学很难脱离球迷的身体元素,那里也蕴含着足球作为社会化悲剧的基本内涵。 相似文献
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Elena Atienza Macías 《体育科研》2022,(6):29-34
从比较法视野出发,西班牙刑法对体育领域,尤其是在运动员服用兴奋剂实施刑事制裁的问题上存在分歧。有的反对将兴奋剂违法行为入刑,有的则同意制定特定的体育犯罪,但对于罪名是保护一项独特权利还是保护几项权利,并没有一个“和平”的界定。换言之,要想为统一处罚兴奋剂相关行为提供依据,必须确定兴奋剂犯罪中是否存在其他犯罪无法充分保护、可涉及的若干法律权利。 相似文献
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Karina Zalcmane 《体育科研》2022,(6):40-46
分析了拉脱维亚反兴奋剂领域的现状,阐述了与遵守《世界反兴奋剂条例》和《欧洲理事会反兴奋剂公约》以及2017年之前存在的《反对在体育运动中使用兴奋剂国际公约法》有关的法律问题。世界反兴奋剂机构对成员国遵守《世界反兴奋剂条例》情况进行的调查显示,拉脱维亚反兴奋剂体系在2017年之前存在若干不合规情况。尤其当时拉脱维亚国家反兴奋剂机构是国家运动医学中心下设的反兴奋剂部门,缺乏足够的自主性,也未有充足的资金来全面遵守《世界反兴奋剂条例》和《欧洲理事会反兴奋剂公约》中规定的要求。 相似文献