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1.
The spectral capability of satellite QuickBird imagery for the identification of archaeological marks linked to the presence of buried remains is here discussed for two medieval archaeological sites in the South of Italy. The considered test sites present complex topographical and morphological features, typical of many medieval settlements, which make archaeological prospection with any remote sensing technologies difficult. Results from the performed investigations showed that the satellite QuickBird imagery can be a valuable data source for reconstructing the urban shape of buried settlements up to single building scale. Such analyses can be useful for detecting locations and extracting features of archaeological sites especially prior to any excavation work and for increasing the cultural value of historical sites.  相似文献   

2.
A significant number of archaeological finds of the 13th–16th century from the Tuscan sites of Germagnana and Gambassi in Valdelsa—FI, was studied by different physico-chemical investigations (SEM–EDS, ICP, Mössbauer spectroscopy, XRD, XRF, TG-DTA) in order to contribute to clarify the production methodology and the pre-industrial glass manufacture technology. The studied samples are mainly non-vitreous finds as production waste, refractory materials, crucibles and raw materials; also vitreous finds as frits, skims, glasses (glass masses, glass working waste and finished products) have been taken into consideration. The obtained petrographic and physico-chemical data strongly suggest that both Gambassi and Germagnana glass manufactures were strictly connected with the sources of vitrifiable materials, situated in Tuscan sand quarries. In particular a comparison between sands from the neighbouring quarries and appropriate finds of the two archaeological sites evidences that the employed vitrifiable materials possibly belong to La Casina La Cava resort. The archaeological classification, based on macroscopic observation and stratigraphic position, was compared and verified with the scientific classification of the examined finds of Germagnana and Gambassi sites based on their composition, morphology and physico-chemical properties.  相似文献   

3.
In Central Asia, the introduction of mechanised farming and the transformation of the landscape caused by agricultural intensification over the last 50 years have resulted in the massive destruction of archaeological remains. In this paper, we focus on an underestimated and unexploited type of remote sensing for the study of landscape change and anthropic impact on cultural heritage: 1:10,000 Soviet military maps of the 1950s. We present their use in the case study of the Archaeological Map of the Samarkand region. We argue that their precision and the early date at which they were produced make it possible to employ them as a reference tool for systematic survey and archaeological heritage management in Central Asia and throughout the former Soviet Union. We discuss the results of an archaeological survey based on these maps and show how they can be used to evaluate the destruction of archaeological mounds during the last 50 years, by contrasting them with modern satellite imagery.  相似文献   

4.
Rescue archaeological excavations at an urban glass workshop of the 12th century AD in the city of Murcia (Spain) have provided one of the few evidences of glass production in the ancient Islamic territory of Al-Andalus. This paper reports the results derived from a chemical–physical characterisation study carried out on a representative sample set of glass fragments and industrial debris from that workshop. The main objectives of the research were to contribute to the knowledge of the type of glasses produced and provide some insights into the technology developed to obtain different colours in glasses. The resulting data indicated that both high-magnesia plant ash (HMG) soda-lime-silicate and soda-lime lead-silicate glasses were produced. They also indicated a deep knowledge of glass colouring techniques, which suggests that a careful control over the glass melting processes was achieved. Among others, the occurrence of bulk-coloured silver yellow and copper ruby red transparent glasses prove the skills reached by Murcian glassmakers. These results shed new light on the Islamic glass technology of a geographical area in which, up to now, little compositional and technological data from glass workshops were available.  相似文献   

5.
Terrestrial laser scanning technique has represented one of the more advances occurred in the last years in the field of data acquisition. Time-of-Flight (TOF) systems provide a fast and reliable tool to measure millions of 3D points allowing a very effective and dense measurement of the surface geometry. Nowadays, the generation of high quality 3D models is a practice applied to different kind of objects: small or medium size artworks, parts of human body, cars, buildings, civil infrastructures (like dams, bridges, plants, etc.) and whole archaeological sites as well. In most cases, in order to capture the whole object geometry a number of single scans need to be acquired from different positions and then stitched together (i.e. registered each other) to generate the full 3D model. The automatization of the registration of multiple scans acquired from a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) still represents a very attractive research field. The chance to automatically align several point clouds would reduce processing costs in terms of time and human resources. In addition it would allow even non-specialist users to produce 3D models with good quality. This paper contributes to this research area by presenting a method for the automatic registration of very dense point clouds acquired by TLS systems. The proposed solution is an extension to large datasets of an automatic range data registration procedure we developed a few years ago for the modelling of point clouds acquired with close-range laser scanners. Such procedure, based on the spin-images (SIs) algorithm, has been then improved with the introduction of a multi-resolution method that generates a pyramid of spin-images in order to speed up the matching between adjacent scans. The results we present show that this method can be successfully applied for the automatic registration of high density laser scans of complex and large structures of Cultural Heritage.  相似文献   

6.
Hyperspectral data were exploited to test their effectiveness as a tool for archaeological prospection, envisaging their potential for detecting spectral anomalies related to buried archaeological structures. For this purpose the airborne Multispectral Infrared and Visible Imaging Spectrometer images were analysed. Each single band of the entire data set and different processing technique products were interpreted to identify any tonal anomalies. Since every analysed image exhibited marks different in terms of size and intensity, two indexes were defined for assessing the potential of anomalies detection of each image. Such parameters were: the Detection Index, used for counting the number of pixels related in each image to marks, and the Separability Index, applied for measuring the tonal difference of the marks with respect to the background. These indexes were tested on two areas within the Selinunte Archaeological Park where the presence of remains, not yet excavated, was supposed by archaeologists. For the test sites any extracted anomalies were evaluated by an expert in order to determine their archaeological relevance. The comparison among the index values, derived from each single band of the spectrometer and from different image processing by-products, allowed to determine which spectral range and which processing method are the most valuable to quickly highlight the anomalies. The analysis pointed out that, where vegetation cover is dominant, the Visible near infrared is the spectral region more sensitive to variations of spectral properties related to buried structures, while, where soil cover becomes relevant, the Short-wave infrared and the Thermal-infrared regions resulted more sensitive. As far as the applied processing methods are concerned, the Spectral Angle Mapper classifier and, secondly, the Minimum Distance algorithm stressed the highest archaeological information content. The results of this work showed that the archaeological information content derived by analysing the outputs of the applied image processing techniques is more significant than the information obtained by interpreting each single band and the available historical aerial photos. As a final remark, the data processing flow chart, applied to the entire remote hyperspectral data set over Selinunte Archaeological Park, appeared encouraging for detection of anomalies related to the presence of the buried archaeological structures.  相似文献   

7.
Within the framework of an excavation project aimed to systematically characterize the various aspects of settlement and activities in Northern Jordan, a considerable collection of slag lumps and iron artifacts of different forms and typologies excavated from the archaeological site of Barsinia were collected. Excavations have revealed other metallurgical materials such as pottery tuyeres and furnace-like structure. Studying those finds was important because of their archaeological and technological interests. For the analytical and metallurgical study, X-ray diffraction was used to identify the mineralogical composition of samples. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer, energy dispersive X-ray and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer were used to determine the accurate elemental composition of these finds. Furthermore examinations by using metallographic, polarizing microscope and scanning electron microscopy were employed to diagnose the characteristic morphology and environmental effects of these archaeometallurgical finds. Microstructural investigations emphasized that iron production processes were performed locally at the archaeological site of Barsinia even if the iron ores were imported from other mining location in Jordan. Direct or “bloomer” was the main method used for smelting iron ores followed by smithing methods to locally produce iron artifacts. This, most probably, was the state of technology from the Bronze Age to the Byzantine period. To ensure the stability of these deteriorated finds for future research, required treatment and conservation processes were successfully carried out.  相似文献   

8.
This article examines the extent to which demographic and socioeconomic characteristics influence the decision to visit and the number of visits to museums, art galleries, historical monuments, and archaeological sites. Using ordered probit models based on data for 350,000 adults in 24 EU countries, we find that the likelihood and number of such visits depend mainly on per capita household income, education, labor market status, and country of birth. Attained characteristics such as education and income have remarkably similar positive effects on cultural participation across the countries in our sample, while the effects of age and gender are both weaker and less consistent across countries. We conclude that cultural distinctions along the lines of socioeconomic attainment are stable even in very different country contexts with varying cultural policies and economic conditions. We discuss the way these results inform three research topics: identification of the characteristics of visitors to museums and historical sites in order to attract new audiences; the effect of public spending on culture on accessibility to cultural sites; and cross-national variation in cultural stratification.  相似文献   

9.
The dynamic social development in Iran over the last decades provided the acknowledgement of the archaeological heritage on the one hand, and a confrontation to the current managing system of archaeology on the other. This situation makes it necessary for archaeologists to formulate and implement a systematic regulation in the sphere of protection and management of the archaeological heritage. The fact is that, as the international conventions warn, the archaeological heritage is constantly under threat of destruction, and while in Iran the problem is not new, the destruction is on the increase. The constructions under the developmental projects and at the same time the increase of population are accompanied by the expansion of the new settled areas threaten large areas of archaeological sites. The deep economic crises of the country as well as a pauperization of majority of society, and a low degree of respect for the law, lead to an increase in looting and considerable damage to the archaeological heritage. The goals of this paper are (1) to identify problems that hinder the effectiveness of the Iranian national protection acts, and to suggest some way in which these problems could be remedied, (2) to promote further academic discussions of problems and solutions within archaeology and related fields, and (3) to encourage official authorities and other interest groups to press for changes needed in the Iranian national protection policies, to make it better serve the public interest.  相似文献   

10.
The aim of this work is to show how the most advanced technology together with spatial analysis can be usefully employed to investigate historical and archaeological phenomena. In this note some preliminary results are shown. Two geographical information systems (GIS) were structured in an integrated way. The first GIS is a vector-like system while the other is a raster-like one. Moreover, some applications regarding the environmental reconstruction of a part of the investigated area are proposed. Then the identification and the modeling of archaeological site maps by means of point pattern analysis are proposed. Finally, an auto-logistic model to predict archaeological site is presented. This topic is currently under investigation.  相似文献   

11.
Northern Greece is the main region where more than 90 Macedonian tombs, dated in the late classical and Hellenistic period, have been discovered. Geospatial data processing technologies (GIS), predictive modelling techniques and fuzzy logic were applied to the study area in order to create a predictive model that would be able to provide map regions assigned with specified probability of Macedonian tombs’ occurrence. The model was tested extensively and was validated using a commonly used predictive gain. The results and the evaluation of the model proved the efficiency of its predictive ability in providing answers to a series of questions related to the problem at hand (archaeological research, cultural resource management and protection, land use, etc.).  相似文献   

12.
Safeguarding and exploiting Cultural Heritage induce the production of numerous and heterogeneous data. The management of these data is an essential task for the use and the diffusion of the information gathered on the field. Previously, the data handling was a hand-made task done thanks to efficient and experienced methods. Until the growth of computer science, other methods have been carried out for the digital preservation and treatment of Cultural Heritage information. The development of computerized data management systems to store and make use of archaeological datasets is then a significant task nowadays. Especially for sites that have been excavated and worked without computerized means, it is now necessary to put all the data produced onto computer. This allows preservation of the information digitally (in addition with the paper documents) and offers new exploitation possibilities, like the immediate connection of different kinds of data for analyses, or the digital documentation of the site for its improvement. Geographical Information Systems have proved their potentialities in this scope, but they are not always adapted to the management of features at the scale of a particular archaeological site. Therefore this paper aims to present the development of a Virtual Research Environment dedicated to the exploitation of intra-site Cultural Heritage data. The Information System produced is based on open-source software modules dedicated to the Internet, so users can avoid being software driven and can register and consult data from different computers. The system gives the opportunity to do exploratory analyses of the data, especially at spatial and temporal levels. The system is compliant to every kind of Cultural Heritage site and allows management of diverse types of data. Some experimentation has been done on sites managed by the Service of the National Sites and Monuments of Luxembourg.  相似文献   

13.
From 18 archaeological sites of the Lagoon of Venice 75 bricks belonging to Roman and medieval building levels have been analysed. Chemical composition and geometric measures allow the characterization of a group of 24 Roman bricks of Imperial age. The group formed by means of fuzzy c-means cluster analysis applied on chemical data have been tested by principal component analysis and finally subjected to discriminant analysis to estimate the relative weights of original variables and classify new elements. Correlations among the data of the major chemical elements confirm the reliability of the complex of chemical data. The aim of this research was to obtain a chemical characterization of Roman bricks (and later, of the medieval ones) coming from the lagoon of Venice thus making it possible: 1) to recognize the age of a brick by means of its chemical analysis; 2) to date the layers of archaeological excavations or the ground where there are medieval building foundations by means of membership bricks; 3) to calculate the rate of local ground lowering in the elapsed years by the difference in level from one layer to another; 4) to estimate local rates of land subsidence by comparison with mean values already known.  相似文献   

14.
This paper deals with the comparative evaluation of different procedures of salt extraction designed for archaeological ceramics from submarine burial environments. The experimental work was carried out on a particular type of late-Roman cooking ware finds (Pantellerian ware) found in a shipwreck near the shoreline of the Island of Pantelleria (Sicily). The studied ceramic test-pieces were first recognised in terms of bulk characteristics (mineralogy, petrography and chemistry). SEM-EDS observation allowed verification of the presence of various secondary minerals at the surface and in the pore spaces formed after the prolonged permanence in seawater under oxidising or reducing conditions. Pore-size distribution was also determined in the same fragments that had been subjected to the salt extraction routines. Three salt extraction methods were tested: two methods based on diffusion processes (water immersion under stationary conditions and under mechanical stirring conditions) and one method based on both diffusive and advective processes (multiple packages of sepiolite). The obtained experimental data allowed us to identify strengths and weaknesses of the tested procedures with practical spin-off for archaeologists and restorers (efficiency, kinetics, compatibility with the ceramic substrate, costs and simplicity of use). Salt extraction under mechanical stirring was the most effective method and, for this reason, is suitable for laboratory fieldwork during or immediately after submarine archaeological excavations. Similar advantages are also intended for the preliminary treatments of the most precious findings prior to museum storage.  相似文献   

15.
The present research is an attempt to create a link among different disciplines and to confirm stratigraphic observations through chemical analyses. It involved detailed colorimetric examination and in-depth chemical-physical study of the samples taken from the historical centre of Genoa, which enabled connections to be made among many data. This led to the creation of an analytical method that is applicable to various geographical sites. Examinations involved several experimental techniques: X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy and infrared spectroscopy; the data were compared with those from the stratigraphic examination. A detailed investigation of the Ligurian climate, including data kindly supplied by the Environment Department of the Provincia di Genova, allowed us to explain the presence of particular chemical substances and suggested how they might have been formed.  相似文献   

16.
Using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) the concentration of Ag, As, Au, Bi, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, Ni, Sb, Sn, and Zn in 53 samples taken from archaeological finds dated to 4th–2nd century BC and found in the territory of ancient Thracia was determined. Additionally using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and MS for determination of the lead isotope ratios in the samples was carried out. On the basis of these analytical results using cluster analysis for grouping the samples on the bases of the similarity in chemical and isotopic content and the available data from the literature for lead ore deposits in the Balkan Peninsula, the geological origin of the investigated archaeological finds was evaluated. That confirms the expectation that sources of lead might be almost all possible deposits of lead ores on the Balkan Peninsula—from Lavrion through Chalkidiki to the Rhodope mountain. The result indicates that the Thrace did not utilize one single lead source continuously but that lead was provided according to availability from different production centers.  相似文献   

17.
The increasing awareness of some local and international authorities has promoted the appearance of new legislation and the rising of research works focused in the prevention of damage to the cultural heritage in karstic caves. Nevertheless, karstic areas usually imply complex studies, and a universal methodology is very difficult to establish. This work exposes the basic methodology for the geological risk assessment in archaeological site and/or rock art bearing karstic caves getting a strategy that provides flexibility to adjust specific methods according to the conditions of different cases. The integrated use of basic geological (mapping, petrology, stratigraphy…) and geotechnical (rock mass quality analytical methods and indexes) techniques used in engineering geology is proposed. Those techniques permit the geological characterization of the rock mass, the hazard identification and the analysis and the geological risk assessment of the research area. Obtained geological risk areas could be included in protection areas that could be used as the basis for the selection of the areas where further investigations and the application of prevention/mitigation measures would have a better cost/benefit ratio. The geological risk should be considered together with other type risk evaluations in order to define effective protection areas.  相似文献   

18.
Thermoluminescence (TL) dating is a powerful tool in archaeology, and its reliability has been checked since the early 1970s. It is, in principle, specific for ceramic, but it can also be successfully applied to other materials of archaeological interest, provided that they have been submitted in the past to some kind of heating up to several hundreds of degrees centigrade. This is the case of prehistoric flint deliberately or accidentally burnt by ancient man. Illustrating the specific aspects of this application, we report the TL dating results of a group of burnt flints from three prehistoric sites in northern Italy. The first two, Ghiardo and Ghiardello, are open-air sites close to Reggio Emilia, at the fringe of the Apennine on Middle Pleistocene terraces. The third, Fumane, is a large cave system in the Venetian Pre-Alps, in the Lessini plateau, close to Verona. It includes a thick Palaeolithic sequence, spanning the whole first Pleninglacial period.  相似文献   

19.
This paper explores the use of three different forms of valuation and measurement by or on behalf of brands and branded organizations: financial brand valuation; brand equity measurement; and internal social or environmental evaluations. These systems, it is argued, are sites at which possible relationships between economic and other values are explored, and at which understandings of what is valuable emerge in tandem with the means for acknowledging and measuring it. By tracing the contexts and workings of these systems the paper shows how they allow aspects of the social world, including relationships and affects, to be partially absorbed into the brand as values. We argue that in an environment in which ‘value’ is imagined to be diffuse but omnipresent, the proliferation of valuation systems evidences both a requirement for new forms of measurement (capable of capturing multiple forms of value) and a search for novel ways of linking measurement and valuation. The paper concludes with an exploration of how these new ways of linking measurement and valuation may allow economic agency to be recognized and distributed.  相似文献   

20.
Between April and September 2003, 1500 visitors of the Catacomb of St. Callistus participated to a scientific research by filling in a questionnaire to express their opinion about a new illumination system experimentally set up in the Ocean’s Cubiculum. Their answers were statistically evaluated and represented the first public opinions on this archaeological site, including their knowledge of conservation problems and their positive attitude towards the use of new strategies for the preservation of this monument.  相似文献   

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