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1.
 利用扫描电镜对国产中国蕨科Sinopteridaceae植物9属61种6变种的孢子进行了观察。结果表明,该科植物的孢子可分为3种类型:(1)孢子球形,三裂缝;周壁较厚,疏松地包在孢子之外;外壁光滑,表面纹饰由周壁形成,呈网状、嵴状、刺状或皱状。除金粉蕨属Onychium和珠蕨属Cryptogramma外,该科其他属的植物都具此类型孢子。(2)孢子钝三角形,三裂缝;周壁较薄,由周壁和外壁共同形成表面轮廓,表面具疣状或颗粒状纹饰。具此类型孢子的只有珠蕨属。(3)孢子钝三角形,三裂缝,沿裂缝两侧各有一脊状隆起或瘤状纹饰;周壁薄,由外壁形成表面纹饰的基本轮廓;具赤道环、近极脊和远极脊。具此类型孢子的只有金粉蕨属。另外,从孢粉学的角度对该科的分类和系统演化进行了探讨。  相似文献   

2.
本文对泽泻科11属27种代表植物的花粉进行了光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察。在系统描述了该科及各属植物花粉形态的基础上,将泽泻科植物的花粉划分为3种类型,即少果泽苔草型、慈菇型和泽泻型。根据花粉形态特征的比较,并依据泽泻科植物祖先类群的花粉具有船形、具单沟萌发孔、花粉外壁具明显的刺状纹饰、覆盖层完整无通道等特征,作者认为泽泻科植物花粉形态的如下演化趋势是明显的:由船形演化为卵球形、球形和多面体球形;由单沟萌发孔经过一无孔的中间类型演化为散孔类型;孔膜由光滑演化为具颗粒和小刺;萌发孔不内陷进化到内陷;花粉粒外壁的刺状纹饰逐渐过渡为颗粒状纹饰或者消失,以及覆盖层由无通道到具细通道和通道。  相似文献   

3.
本研究从比较三白草科属间小花个体发育及分析花器官数量变异入手,探寻花器官在发生顺序、数目变化及排列方式等方面的演化趋势,揭示系统发育在个体发育中一定程度重现的事实及属间的进化关系。结果简述如下:首先,雄蕊和心皮发生顺序由中部优先演化到两侧优先。其次,由于远中雄蕊和心皮经历了从发育延迟、生长减缓到最终消失的历程,中部雄蕊和心皮由成对演化为单生。此外,两侧生雄蕊对由各自独立的原基发生演化到共同原基发生或减化为1枚,假银莲花属近中1枚雄蕊原基二裂成1对,蕺菜属3枚心皮发生于一环状共同原基等,都是该科花器官演化的重要事实并可归结为融合、减化和复化的结果。文章根据花器官的演化趋势及过渡类型的剖析,论述了三白草科属间的系统进化关系。  相似文献   

4.
用光镜和扫描电镜观察了五味子科Schisandraceae23种、6变种和1变型的91份花粉的形态。其 中5种、4变种和1变型的花粉形态为首次报道。该科花粉为单花粉,异极,辐射对称,扁球形至超扁球 形,其萌发沟的排列格局在被子植物中是独一无二的。若按萌发沟的数目划分,该科花粉可分为3沟型 和6沟型两个类型。外壁为网状纹饰,网眼的大小和网脊的宽度与花的形态有一定相关性。研究结果 不支持Praglowski对该科花粉用网眼大小来划分类型的作法,认为对他关于3长沟汇聚的一极即花粉的 远极的结论应作进一步探讨;不支持一些学者认为南五味子属Kadsura比五味子属Schisandra原始的观 点。根据研究结果可认为,南五味于属的总体演化水平高于五味子属,它们可能是源于共同祖先、沿两条不同的路线平行演化的两个近缘类群。  相似文献   

5.
通过扫描电镜对国产水鳖科植物(包括6属13种)的种皮微形态特征进行观察,并作了系统描述。根据种皮细胞形态、外种皮表面纹饰和内种皮内层小瘤状突起的特点将水鳖科植物的种皮微形态特征划分为3种类型,即海菜花型(海菜花属)、水鳖型(水鳖属)和苦草型(苦草属、水筛属、虾子草属和黑藻属),并作出了分属检索表。本文结果表明,种皮微形态特征可作为该科族、属以及属内种级水平分类的依据,对探讨属间关系和该科的系统发育关系亦具有重要的价值。种皮微形态特征支持Hutchinson(1959)和Eckhardt(1964)将海菜花属和水鳖属分别作为一个独立的族处理的观点。苦草属、水筛属和虾子草属种皮微形态特征的高度相似性表明它们间有密切的联系,不支持将它们置于不同亚科和族的分类处理。黑藻属虽与上述3属近缘,但其外种皮特征则较为独特,因此与水筛属放在不同族中更为合理。本文种皮微形态特征的研究结果支持iki1937)和Shaffer-Fehre(1991b)等关于水鳖科与茨藻科近缘的观点。  相似文献   

6.
 本文对分布于我国的椴树科(Tiliaceae)9属44种植物的花粉形态进行了光学显微镜   的系统观察,并对其中10种花粉的外壁细微结构进行了扫描电镜观察。本科花粉为长球形、   扁球形和球形,萌发孔为长3孔沟、短3孔沟和3(一4)孔三种类型,外壁主要为网状纹饰,个  别属为刺状纹饰。根据花粉资料,本文还探讨了该科植物分类中的某些问题。  相似文献   

7.
本文叙述了木蓝属系统研究的简史,对该属形态特征的演化趋势及属下分类进行系统   研究,根据植物习性、叶的特征、果实形态及含种子数,将国产木蓝属80种,1变种归纳为3亚   属,并将木蓝亚属分为14亚组,其中包括9个新亚组,对其中一些种类作了归并及处理,并编    写了分种检索表。  相似文献   

8.
系统报道了中国桑寄生科Loranthaceae33种5变种植物的花粉形态,并与澳大利亚 2属6种植物的花粉形态做了比较。通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察,国产桑寄生科花粉外壁 纹饰可明显分为两个类型:一种类型为刺状或条状纹饰,另一种为颗粒状纹饰,这与该科的鞘 花族和桑寄生族两个族相吻合。在鞘花族类型中,3合沟、钝刺状或条状纹饰的花粉是基本类 型,合半沟或孔沟形,刺状纹饰的花粉是较进化的类型;在桑寄生族类型中,等极、3合沟、 颗粒状纹饰的花粉是基本类型,异极、副合半沟-合半沟、3沟形和沟形-短沟形或沟孔形、粗 糙或模糊颗粒状纹饰的花粉是较进化类型。根据萌发孔和纹饰可将桑寄生族类型花粉分为3个 类群:类群I包括五蕊寄生属Dendrophtho、梨果寄生属Scurrula、钝果寄生属Taxillus和大苞 寄生属Tolypanthus;类群II仅包括离瓣寄生属Helixanthera;类群III也仅1属,桑寄生属Lor anthus。在这3个类群中,类群I属于基本的类型,属间花粉差别较小,其中梨果寄生属和钝 果寄生属花粉差别最小,显示出较近的亲缘关系;类群II和类群III皆是较进化类型。  相似文献   

9.
本文对蓝钟花属Cyananthus及整个狭义的桔梗科Campanulaceae(s.str.)的花粉、   染色体和形态性状作了深入的系统研究,表明蓝钟花属是该科的最原始类群,它的亲缘属有党   参属Codonopsis和细钟花属Leptocodon。  对蓝钟花属中各个种及它的亲缘属的地理分布分   析,揭示了该属是典型的中国-喜马拉雅区系的成分,横断山地区是该属的频度和多样性中心;   认为中国西南部及其邻近地区至少是桔梗科原始属的保留中心,甚至可能是该科的起源中心。   作者最后对蓝钟花属各个种的性状作了生物统计分析,在此基础上对全属进行了全面的分类   修订,把原有的26个种9个变种归并为19种(包括2亚种);对该属的次级分类也作了修订。   首次报道了该属的染色体数目和细钟花属的花粉形态。  相似文献   

10.
    本文分析溲疏属的重要形态特征的演化趋势,讨论亲缘属的系统位置和地理分布及区系特点,分类系统的修订和补充,并编写了分种检索表。认为雄蕊不定数,花瓣覆瓦状排列,花丝无齿,子房半下位的是属于原始性状,而雄蕊定数,花瓣镊合状排列,花丝具齿,子房下位的是进化性状,因此新溲疏组应包括在溲疏属内,该组与中间溲疏组是原始类群,而溲疏组是进化类群。国产52种被分为2组,4亚组和17系。溲疏属基本上是属于北温带分布类型,而我国的横断山脉至秦岭南部和华中一带为本属的现代分布和分化中心。  相似文献   

11.
栎属青冈亚属(壳斗科)的叶表皮研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用光镜和扫描电镜观察了栎属青冈亚属Quercus subgen. Cyclobalanopsis 48种植物的叶表皮,尤以对叶下表皮的毛被特征观察较为仔细。共观察到8种不同类型的叶表皮毛:单列毛、单毛、乳突、星状毛、溶和星状毛、具柄束毛、多出毛和水母状毛。其中乳突在青冈亚属中较常见,而在壳斗科其他属中仅在石栎属 Lithocarpus 少数种类中有报道;水母状毛首次在壳斗科中发现。毛被可能遵循以下的演化规律:乳突→单毛→星状毛;星状毛依照从简单→复杂的演化途径,分化出各种形态各异和结构复杂的毛系。初步讨论了毛被以及叶表皮其他特征(如毛基细胞和表皮细胞的形态、气孔的类型和密度等)的分类和系统学意义。  相似文献   

12.
金缕梅科系统发育的古孢粉学证据   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文系统描述了现代金缕梅科中主要属的花粉形态特征,并在此基础上运用孢粉学的资料探讨 了金缕梅科的系统分类及其演化规律。     文中还详细记述了金缕梅科中化石花粉的形态、出现的地质时代及分布;并进一步探讨了金缕梅科的地质演进历史。文章认为.早白垩世时期为金缕梅科的发生期,晚白垩世为金缕梅科的发展期。在这一时期金缕梅科中的主要属——金缕梅属Hamamelis、蜡瓣花属Corylopsis,弗特吉属Fothergilla均已出现。被子植物第一次在植物界中占据优势。进入早第三纪时期金缕梅科得到了进一步的发展和完善,花粉形态由三沟型演进出散孔型。最后,本文通过对金缕梅科孢粉形态学的研究和生物地层学的研究,详细的论述了金缕梅科演化的古孢粉学证据。文章认为金缕梅目可能由棒纹粉(Clavatipollenites)直接演进而来,而后再演进金缕梅科中其他各属种。文中还根据孢粉形态学的分析和孢粉生物地层学的研究,提出金缕梅科中的枫香属Liquidambar是和金缕梅科中的主要类群(三沟型)完全不同的两个类群,从而同意枫香属应当从金缕梅科中独立出来,另建立一个阿丁枫科Altingiaceae。  相似文献   

13.
本文根据植物类群的系统发育和地理分布相统一的原理,讨论了“低等”金缕梅类植物的起 源和散布。  “低等”金缕梅类植物(Endress1989a的概念)包括下列7科:昆栏树科、水青树科、连香 树科、折扇叶科、领春木科、悬铃木科和金缕梅科。  该类群共有13种分布区类型,东亚区的南部和 印度支那区的北部是它的现代分布中心;根据化石证据及原始类群和外类群的分布分析,以上地区最 有可能是这类植物的起源地。  “低等”金缕梅类植物起源的时间至少可追溯到早白垩纪巴列姆期,较可 靠的化石证据说明悬铃木类植物在早白垩纪阿尔必晚期出现,而昆栏树科、水青树科、连香树科和金 缕梅科植物的出现均不晚于晚白垩纪。  最后,从环境变迁和生物演化两个方面探讨了“低等”金缕梅类植物现代分布格局的形成原因。  相似文献   

14.
金缕梅科(广义)的叶表皮特征   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
本文次氯酸钠及铬酸-硝酸离析法,在光学显微镜下,观察了19属37种(分属六个亚科)共50个样品的成熟叶表皮细胞及气孔器的特征,发现金缕梅科植物叶上下表皮细胞形状(表面观)为多边形和不规则形,垂周壁式样有平直、弓形和有波纹;气孔器仅在下表皮存在,其类型有环列型、冠列型,平列型和无规则型(图1)几种。在扫描电镜下观察了19属35种(分属六个亚科)的叶下表皮的角质膜和蜡质纹饰、气孔的形状、气孔外拱盖及拱盖内缘的特征。这些特征在亚科或属级水平上较为稳定,但有的也表现出种间差异,有一定的分类学价值。  相似文献   

15.
本文对金缕梅科Hamamlidaceae蜡瓣花属Corylopsis 11种花粉进行光学显微镜和扫描电镜的观察研究。本属花粉除Corylopsis sinensis少量花粉具4沟外均为三沟类型。外壁均具网状纹饰,网眼形状大小略有差异,花粉粒大小虽有些变化,但其它特征均较一致,故在植物分类上本属是相当自然的一个类群。  相似文献   

16.
The present paper deals with the following three aspects:      1. It attempts to discuss the problems on primitive forms of the family Araliaceae. The genus Tupidanthus Hook. f. & Thoms. was considered by H. Harms (1894) and H. L. Li (1942) as primitive, whilst another genus Plerandra A. Gray was regarded as primitive by R. H. Eyde & C. C. Tseng in 1971. Having made a detailed comparison of the taxonomical characters of these two genera, the present authors believe that both genera are not the most primitive in the Araliaceae. Their affinit yis not close enough and they possibly evolved in parallel lines from a common ancestor which is so far un- known yet.      2. By studying the systems of the past, the present authors believe that none of them is entirely satisfactory. Bentham (1867) recognized five ‘series’ (in fact, equival- ent to ‘tribe’ with the ending-eae of names) based on the petaline arrangement in the bud, the numbers of stamen and the types of endospem. This is a plausible funda- mental treatment for the Araliaceae, but choosing the endosperm as a criteria in dividing tribe is artifical. As we know today, both ruminate and uniform endosperm are usually presente in the same genus.  Seemann’s system (1868) divided the Hederaceae (excl. Trib. Aralieae) into five tribes, in addition to the locules of ovary.  The criteria are essentially the same as Bentham’s. The system of Hams (1894) divided the family into three tribes. Two tribes, Aralieae and Mackinlayeae, of  Bentham are  retained,  but other groups were combined in the Trib. Schefflereae.  However, Harms did not retain one of those three oldest legitimate names which had named by Bentham, that is con- trary to the law of priority in the International Code of Botanical Nomenelature. Hut- chinson (1967) adopted seven tribes for the family. The criteria essentially follow those of Bentham, but the inflorescence is overstressed. The inflorescence is an artifical taxono- mical character in dividing tribes, because of some dioecious plants, such as Meryta sin- clairii (Hook. f.) Seem., have two types of inflorescence in male and female plants. Ac- cording to Hutchinson’s arrangement, the male and female plants would be put in se- parate tribes.     3.   The present authors are of the opinion that in the study of a natural classi- fication of plant groups emphasis should be laid not only on the characters of the repro- ductive organs, but on those of vegetative organs as well.  The present revised system is based principally upon the characters of both flowers and leaves of the five tribes as follows:       Trib. 1. Plerandreae Benth. emend. Hoo & Tseng      Trib. 2. Tetraplasandreae Hoo & Tseng       Trib. 3. Mackinlayeae Benth.      Trib. 4. Aralieae Benth.       Trib. 5. Panaceae Benth. emend. Hoo & Tseng  相似文献   

17.
红豆杉科(Taxaceae),花粉近球形,有时稍扁或稍长。直径为20.8-45.8μm。具远极 薄壁区,或不典型的乳头状突起。外壁两层,内外层厚度相等,有时层次不明显。在光学显微 镜下,外壁表面粗糙,或具微弱的颗粒状纹饰。在穗花杉(Amentotaxus argotaenia)这个种里,有些花粉粒具残存气囊。在扫描电镜下,外壁表面具粗瘤和细瘤两种纹饰类型。透射电镜本科各属代表种观察表明,本科花粉外壁内层具片状结构,外层由单层瘤状纹饰分子构成,有 些种细瘤连接形成覆盖层。根据花粉形态资料,可将本科植物分为2个族:  白豆杉族(仅包括白豆杉一个属)和红豆杉族(包括红豆杉属和榧树属)。  鉴于穗花杉属花粉的特殊性,建议独立上升为穗花杉科Amentotaxaceae。  相似文献   

18.
 柏科Cupressaceae和杉科Taxcdiaceae有许多相似之处,近年来不少分类学家主张把两科合并成 广义的柏科。原杉科中的金松属Sciadopitys与两科其他屑的差异较大,被提升为单种科Sciadopity- aceae。本文根据球果可育种鳞的位置把柏科(狭义)分为2亚科,即上部种鳞不可育的柏木亚科Cupres- soideae和上部种鳞可育的澳洲柏亚科Callitroideae。综合其他形态学和解剖学证据,柏木亚科又分4族,即柏木族Cupresseae(包括:柏木属Cupressus、杂交柏属X Cupressocyparis、扁柏屑Chamaecyparis和福建柏属Fokeinia)、侧柏族Thujopsideae(包括:崖柏属Thuja、罗汉柏属Thujopsis和侧柏属laty-ladus)、圆柏族Junlpereae(包括:圆柏属Junzperus和海参威柏属Microbiota)以及香漆柏族Tetraclineae(包括:翠柏属Calt*edrus和香漆柏属Tetraclinis)。澳洲柏亚科又分3族,即澳洲柏族Actinostrobeae(包括:西澳柏属Actinostrobus、澳洲柏属Callitris、智利柏属Fitzroya和杉叶柏属Neocallitropsis)、南非柏族Widdringtoneae(包括:白智利柏属Pilgerodendron、塔斯曼柏属Diselma和南非柏属Widdringtonia)以及甜柏族Libocedreae(包括:甜柏属Libocedrus、巴布亚柏屑Papuacedrus和南美柏属Austrocedrus)。柏科21个属的地理分布可划分为5种类型,即:(1)杂交柏属系英国选出的属间杂交类型;(2)分布非洲、欧洲、亚洲和北美洲的属,有柏木属和圆柏属2个属;(3)东亚—北美洲际间断分布的属,有扁柏属、崖柏属和翠柏属3个属;(4)分布区较窄的属,包括西澳柏属,、澳洲柏属、甜柏屑、巴布亚柏属、南非柏属5个属;(5)单种屑,包括福建柏属、海参威柏属、罗汉柏属、侧柏属、香漆柏属、杉叶柏属、塔斯曼柏属、智利柏屑、南美柏属和白智利柏属等10个属。该科属的3个地理分布中心是:东亚(9属)、北美西南部(5属)、澳大利亚及其东部附近群岛(6属)。此外,地中海沿岸分布3属,智利南部和阿根廷分布3属。  相似文献   

19.
 1)  The Compositae in Tibet so far known comprise 508 species and 88 genera, which nearly amounts to one fourth of the total number of genera and one third of the total number of species of Compositae in all China, if the number of 2290 species and 220 genera have respectively been counted in all China. In Tibet there are all tribes of Com- positae known in China, and surprisingly, the large tribes in Tibetan Compositae are also large ones in all China and the small tribes in Tibet are also small ones in all China. Generally speaking, the large genera in Tibet are also large ones in all China and the small genera in Tibet are likewise small ones in all China. In this sense it is reasonable to say that the Compositae flora of Tibet is an epitome of the Compositae flora of all China.      In the Compositae flora of Tibet, there are only 5 large genera each containing 30 species or more. They are Aster, Artemisia, Senecio, Saussurea and Cremanthodium. And 5 genera each containing 10—29 species. They are Erigeron, Anaphalis, Leontopodium, Ajania, Ligularia and Taraxacum. In addition, there are 77 small genera, namely 87% of the total of Compositae genera in Tibet, each comprising 1—9 species, such as Aja-niopsis, Cavea and Vernonia, etc.      2)  The constituents of Compositae flora in Tibet is very closely related to those of Sichuan-Yunnan provinces with 59 genera and 250 species in common. Such a situation is evidently brought about by the geographycal proximity in which the Hengtuang Shan Range links southeastern and eastern Tibet with northern and northwestern Sichuan- Ynnnan.  With India the Tibetan Compositae have 59 genera and 132 species in common, also showing close floristic relationships between the two regions. Apparently the floris- tic exchange of Compositae between Tibet and India is realized by way of the mountain range of the Himalayas.  The mountain range of the Himalayas, including the parallel ranges, plays a important role as a bridge hereby some members of the Compositae of western or northern Central Asia and of the northern Africa or of western Asia have migrated eastwards or southeastwards as far as the southern part of Fibet and northern part of India, or hereby some Compositae plants of eastern and southeastern Asia or Asia Media have migrated northwestwards as the northern part of Central Asia.      Some of the species and genera in common to both Tibet and Sinjiang indicate that this weak floristical relationship between these regions is principally realized through two migration routes: one migration route is by way of the Himalayas including the parallel ranges to Pamir Plataeu and Tien Shan, or vice versa. The other migration route is by way of northern Sinjiang to Mongolia, eastern Inner Mongolia, southwards to Gansu, Qinghai (or western Sichuan), eastern Tibet up to the Himalayas, or vice versa.      However, Tibet is not entirely situated at a migration crossroad of the floral ele- ments. An ample amount of the data shows that Compositae flora have a particular capability of development in Tibet. of the total number of species of Tibetan Com- positae, 102 species and 1 genus (Ajaniopsis Shih) are endemic. Besides, 8 genera are re- gional endemics with their range extending to its neighbourhood. The higher percentage of endemics at specific level than at generic in Tibetan Compositae may be a result of active speciation in response to the new enviromental conditions created by the uplifting of the Himalayas.  The flora in Tibetan Plateau as a whole appears to be of a younger age.       3) The uprising of the Himalayas and of the Tibetan Plateau accompanied by the ultraviolet ray radiation, the microthermal climate and the high wind pressure has, no doubt, played a profound influence upon the speciation of the native elements of Tibetan Compositae. The recent speciation is the main trend in the development of the Com-positae flora native in Tibet in the wake of upheaval of the plateau.  相似文献   

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