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1.
The thesis of the present study was that failure in achievement tasks may constitute a stress factor that can trigger a depression episode, particularly for students with learning disabilities (LD), and that a particular motivational pattern may constitute a cognitive diathesis for depression. Participants were 104 students referred for LD who were drawn from a pool of approximately 900 students from Grades 5 and 6. Students were challenged with a series of difficult math exercises, and their achievement behaviors were examined as a function of achievement goal orientations. Results from structural equation modeling provided empirical support of the contention that performance-avoidance goals may account for a series of negative cognitions and affect. Direct positive paths linked performance-avoidance goals to anxiety, depression, and negative affect; negative paths were revealed with regard to self-esteem and positive affect. Thus, performance-avoidance goals may possess elements of the diathesis mechanism described by Dykman, constituting a vulnerability factor that triggers the mechanism of depression when negative events are in place.  相似文献   

2.
This study examined whether attributional style for negative events plays a mediating or moderating role in the association between victimisation by bullying and psychological distress in young adults. A total of 127 undergraduate students completed the Attributional Style Questionnaire, a newly developed Victimisation and Bullying Inventory and the Psychological Distress subscale from the Mental Health Inventory. As expected, the tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable and global causes predicted higher psychological distress. There was also a positive association between extent of victimisation and psychological distress. Although attributional style did not mediate in this relationship, there was evidence of moderation. Individuals with more negative attributional styles showed a clear association between victimisation and psychological distress, while those with less negative styles showed no association. These results suggest that a tendency towards a negative attributional style may increase the risk of psychological distress in victims of bullying.  相似文献   

3.
Background:?The school environment has shown itself to be an important factor in explaining adolescent behaviour. The relationships and experiences that pupils have at school have been found to influence their development, psychological well-being, self-esteem and social adjustment.

Purpose:?The aim of the study is to explore whether there is a relationship between pupil–peer and pupil–teacher relationships and psychological well-being and self-esteem, and whether this relationship varies according to pupils’ experience of bullying or being bullied.

Sample: Data consisted of a sample of 3694 students (mean age?±?SD 14.3?±?0.62 years; 51% girls) from elementary schools in Slovakia.

Design and method:?Questionnaires were administered to the students. In terms of data analysis, linear regression was firstly used in the whole sample to explore pupil–peer and pupil–teacher relationships and psychological well-being (the depression/anxiety and social dysfunction subscales of GHQ-12) and self-esteem (positive and negative self-esteem subscales of RSE). Next, the whole sample was divided into four groups in terms of involvement in bullying (normative contrasts, passive victims, aggressive non-victims and aggressive victims). Linear regression was used to explore the associations between pupil–peer and pupil–teacher relationships with the two factors of psychological well-being and two factors of self-esteem in these four groups.

Results:?As findings showed, better pupil–peer relationships and also pupil–teacher relationships were significantly related statistically to less depression/anxiety and social dysfunction, as well as to more positive and less negative self-esteem. All bullying categories were significantly related to pupil–peer relationships and the four dependent variables. However, in the categories of aggressive victims and aggressive non-victims, the pupil–teacher relationship was not significantly related to their psychological well-being and self-esteem. Also, in all subgroups, better pupil–peer relationships were significantly related to less depression/anxiety and social dysfunction, as well as with more positive and less negative self-esteem.

Conclusion:?Given the differences found in the connections between pupil–teacher relationships and well-being and self-esteem, between those who bullied and those who were bullied, it would seem that the school environment can play an important role in implementing anti-bullying prevention strategies.  相似文献   

4.
The hypothesis that the concept of expectancy is a central common core of various personality dispositions was investigated among 228 students of general education and physical education. The participants were scored on the following personality dispositions: global and academic self-concept, optimistic-pessimistic attributional style, motive to seek success, motive to avoid failure, cognitive anxiety, and self-handicapping tendencies. Marital status and geographical location/area of study of respondents were chosen as discriminative variables. The hypothesis was supported in that factor analysis gave a general bipolar expectancy factor, and cluster analysis resulted in two clusters, one corresponding to a positive expectancy and the other to a negative expectancy.  相似文献   

5.
目的:揭示高职学生自尊水平及其影响因素。方法:采用SES、ASLES及社会支持问卷对689名浙、川高职学生进行测量,对数据进行SPSS统计。结果:高职学生的自尊水平在不同性质学校、不同地区变量上不存在显著差异;在性别、年级变量上存在显著差异,且女生、二年级高职学生自尊水平较高;高职生自尊水平与生活负性事件呈显著负性相关,与社会支持呈显著正相关。结论:高职学生自尊培养中要注重性别、年级差异,可以从减少负性生活事件的影响,增加社会支持等方面提高学生自尊。  相似文献   

6.
Teachers' explanations for students' low achievement were reliably classified using the attributional coding system proposed by Cooper and Good (1983). Teachers most frequently attributed low achievement to a typical pattern of low effort. They viewed acquired student characteristics (e.g., low motivation, poor work habits) as more important than either teacher variables or classroom variables in explaining students' low achievement. Implications of these attribution patterns for improving student achievement and for developing student self-esteem are discussed.  相似文献   

7.
目的:通过对河西学院200名大学生的问卷调查和内隐联想测验,探讨当前大学生抑郁心理和自尊的关系。统计结果表明:外显自尊和内隐自尊具有相对独立性;不同性别的大学生在抑郁、自尊水平上存在显著差异;大学生的抑郁与外显自尊呈显著负相关,与内隐自尊相关不显著。  相似文献   

8.
The association of protective resources, personality variables, life events, and gender with anxiety and depression was examined with university students. Building on regression analyses, a structural equation model was generated with good fit, indicating that with respect to both anxiety and depression, negative life events and coping resources were mediated by a common distress factor. Personality variables were associated with anxiety, which in turn had a direct relationship to depression.  相似文献   

9.
大学生网络成瘾心理的调查研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用问卷法,随机抽取200名在校大学生,对他们的网络使用情况、网络依赖程度与自尊、孤独、社会支持、抑郁、社交回避、人际敏感、主观幸福感和焦虑等8个因素进行了测评,进而探讨了网络成瘾与个体人格特质的相互关系。结果表明:网络成瘾组与网络非成瘾组在自尊、孤独、社会支持、抑郁、社交回避和主观幸福感等方面存在显著差异;网络成瘾与自尊、社会支持、主观幸福感等有显著性负相关,与孤独、抑郁、社交回避等有显著性正相关。  相似文献   

10.
Social Information Processing in Aggressive and Depressed Children   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
Social information processing patterns of children who were identified as being aggressive or depressed, both, or neither were compared in order to address the issue of specificity and to explore whether children who are comorbid show a unique processing style. Subjects were 220 children in the third through sixth grade. Peer nomination and teacher ratings were used to assess level of aggression, and the Children's Depression Inventory was used to measure level of depression. Aggressive children showed a hostile attributional bias, were more likely to report that they would engage in aggressive behavior, and indicated that aggression would be easy for them. Depressed children similarly showed a hostile attributional bias, although they were more likely to attribute negative situations to internal, stable, and global causes. Depressed children also reported that they would be less likely to use assertive responses and that they expected that assertive behavior would lead to more negative and fewer positive outcomes. Children who were comorbid generally showed patterns similar to both aggressive and depressed children.  相似文献   

11.
大学生心理健康教育是大学教育的重要组成部分,也是培养全面发展高素质人才的必然要求。高校大学生群体正处于生理、心理趋于成熟的过渡时期,遇到挫折后很容易产生悲观、失望、焦虑、抑郁、恐惧等负面情绪。近几年来,高校大学生出走、自杀等恶性事件屡见不鲜,充分说明高校学生心理健康教育作为培养社会需要的合格人才以及促进大学生全面发展的重要教育手段,任重道远,亟需进一步加强并长足地发展下去。  相似文献   

12.
ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to identify the developmental trajectories of peer attachment, self-esteem, depression, and child maltreatment, and to understand the longitudinal mediation effects that peer attachment and self-esteem have on the influence of perceived abuse on early adolescent depression.MethodsThis study uses Year 1 to Year 5 data of the 4th grader panel of the Korea Youth Panel Survey (KYPS) and utilizes a multivariate latent growth model to analyze the main variables in the applicable data between 5th (i.e., Year 2) and 8th (i.e., Year 5) grades.ResultsThe results indicate that from the 5th to the 8th grade, the degree of abuse and depression increases while self-esteem gradually decreases with slowly lowering peer attachment. A significant distribution of the initial values and the rate of change were present for all main variables of the study, confirming individual differences in time wise changes. Further, more exposure to abuse correlated with a decrease in self-esteem, while an increase in self-esteem greatly reduced depression. The initial value of self-esteem showed a partial mediation effect, whereas the rate of change indicated a full mediation effect with a significant longitudinal mediation effect. More experience of abuse during early adolescence indicated a lower degree of peer attachment, and a higher peer attachment was related to decreased depression. A significant partial mediation effect was present for both the initial value and the rate of change of peer attachment, and a longitudinal mediation effect was present.Practice implicationsThis study confirmed that self-esteem in early adolescents is an important protective factor that can greatly reduce the degree of depression, and suggests continuous interventions conducted to increase self-esteem in adolescence. Furthermore, by determining that peer attachment decreases the degree of depression in children at risk, the study emphasizes the healing aspect of adolescent peer attachment.  相似文献   

13.
It has been theorized that students are most likely to ask why following unexpected, negative, and/or important events (Weiner, 1985); however, the unique contribution of these precursors to causal search and the resultant cognitions, emotions, and behaviors remain largely unclear. In the current study we examined causal search regarding test outcomes among 371 first-year college students. Responses to hypothetical scenarios indicated that unexpected events, and unexpected/negative events in combination, would elicit the most causal search. Based on performance on an actual test, precursors measured prior to the test indicated negative test outcomes elicited the greatest causal search. Alternatively, precursors measured following the test indicated a similar pattern to the scenarios. In each instance, event importance was also found to positively predict casual search. Overall, the results suggest that the exclusion of relevant precursors, self-serving biases, and divergent methodologies may have resulted in the discrepancies of previous research on causal search precursors. Finally, students who engaged in more causal search made more ability, test difficulty, and luck attributions, fewer effort attributions, experienced less pride and more shame, guilt, regret, and anger, and received poorer grades. The internal/uncontrollable attributional pattern suggests that first-year college students who are at-risk of de-motivating cognitions, emotions, and behaviors could be supported with cognitive interventions such as attributional retraining.  相似文献   

14.
One hundred and thirty final year high school students were administered scales tapping optimism/pessimism, self-esteem, external career barriers, career decision-making self-efficacy, career focus and career indecision. It was hypothesised, first, that cognitive style (optimism/pessimism) would predict both internal (self-esteem) and external career-related barriers, second, that internal barriers would interact with external barriers and impact on career decision-making self-efficacy, and third, the previously mentioned variables would subsequently predict career focus and career indecision. Results demonstrated that cognitive style was influential in determining the perception of internal barriers (for females and males) and external barriers (females only). Internal and external barriers, along with optimistic/pessimistic cognitive style, were found to predict career decision-making self-efficacy (in males, but not in females). There was no evidence that internal and external barriers interacted to predict career decision-making self-efficacy. Last, it was found that career decision-making self-efficacy, internal and external barriers, and optimistic/pessimistic cognitive style were able to predict career focus (males and females) and career indecision (males only). Results are discussed in the context of Carver and Scheier's (1981) control theory.  相似文献   

15.
This article examines the role of self-referent inhibition on the psychosocial adjustment of college students. Relationships between self-concealment (the tendency to actively conceal from others personal information that one perceives as negative or distressing) and measures of psychosocial adjustment were examined in a sample of 344 college undergraduates. Self-concealment was significantly correlated with self-reported anxiety, depression, shyness, and negative self-esteem. The tendency to self-conceal was also found to be differentially related to the adjustment variables as a function of sex. Attributional processes and the effects of sex-role socialization on inhibition are described, and implications of the study for therapists who work with college students are discussed. The construct of self-concealment represents a potentially important variable in the study of college student adjustment.  相似文献   

16.
Students typically perceive their successes and failures to have multiple causes. The present study examined students’ profiles of causal attributions for success and failure during the first year of secondary school. The stability of attributional profile membership was assessed across three timepoints. Furthermore, it was examined whether students characterized by different attribution profiles differed in their levels of school engagement, self-esteem, and school performance. Latent profile analyses and latent transition analyses among 657 first-year Dutch secondary school students (Mage = 12.6, SD = 0.4) identified four attributional profiles, which were similar across the three timepoints. The profiles were labelled uncontrollable failure, controllable failure, uncontrollable success, and undifferentiated. About half of the students (52 %) remained member of the same profile across the three timepoints. Students in the uncontrollable success profile reported significantly lower levels of school engagement and self-esteem, and performed less well in school compared to students in the other profiles. Students in the uncontrollable failure profile and the controllable failure profile did not differ from each other with regard to school engagement, self-esteem, and school performance. The findings suggest that attributional retraining interventions may want to shift their focus from changing uncontrollable failure attributions to changing students’ external, uncontrollable attributions for success.  相似文献   

17.
为探讨大学生自尊与主观幸福感的关系,我们采用《自尊量表》与《国际大学调查》对河南师范大学300名大学生进行调查,研究结果表明：（1）大学生自尊在文、理科学生之间,城、乡学生之间差异均不显著;在性别、是否班级干部之间差异显著。主观幸福感在文、理科学生之间,在性别、城乡、是否班干部之间差异显著。（2）大学生自尊与主观幸福感、总体满意度、具体满意度、积极情感呈显著的正相关,与消极情感呈显著的负相关。（3）主观幸福感中的具体满意度、消极情感以及人口统计学变量中是否班干部三个变量对自尊的预测作用最大,可联合解释自尊的22.6%。  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVE: This study, using latent variable methodology, explores simultaneously the relative effects of childhood abuse and early parental substance abuse on later chronic homelessness, depression, and substance abuse problems in a sample of homeless women. We also examine whether self-esteem and recent violence can serve as mediators between the childhood predictors and the dysfunctional outcomes.METHOD: The sample consists of 581 homeless women residing in shelters or sober living centers in Los Angeles (54% African-American, 23% Latina, 22% White, mean age=33.5 years). Multiple-indicator latent variables served as predictors and outcomes in structural models. Childhood abuse was indicated by sexual, physical, and verbal abuse.RESULTS: Childhood abuse directly predicted later physical abuse, chronic homelessness, depression, and less self-esteem. Parent substance use directly predicted later substance use problems among the women. Recent physical abuse predicted chronic homelessness, depression, and substance use problems. Greater self-esteem predicted less depression and fewer substance use problems. Childhood abuse also had significant indirect effects on depression, chronic homelessness, and drug and alcohol problems mediated through later physical abuse and self-esteem.CONCLUSIONS: Although there was a strong relationship between childhood abuse and parent drug use, childhood abuse was the more pervasive and devastating predictor of dysfunctional outcomes. Childhood abuse predicted a wider range of problems including lower self-esteem, more victimization, more depression, and chronic homelessness, and indirectly predicted drug and alcohol problems. The mediating roles of recent physical abuse and self-esteem suggest salient leverage points for change through empowerment training and self-esteem enhancement in homeless women.  相似文献   

19.
高中生考试焦虑、自尊和应对方式的现状及关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以721名高二学生为被试,进行考试焦虑、自尊和简易应对方式的问卷调查,结果发现:高中生考试焦虑现状不容忽视;高中生考试焦虑、自尊和消极应对方式表现出性别差异;自尊和应对方式是影响高中生考试焦虑的重要因素,其中应对方式又是自尊影响考试焦虑的中间变量。  相似文献   

20.
过去情绪体验是过去时间洞察力的基本维度之一,指个体在过去时间认知的基础上对自己的过去（或过去时间）所持有的一种独特的态度和主观的情感体验。本实验以184名大学生为被试,采用2×2混合设计考察了过去情绪体验对自尊的影响。结果表明：过去正面情绪体验者倾向于高自尊,过去负面情绪体验者倾向于低自尊。对于高自尊词的回忆量,正面情绪组显著高于负面情绪组;对于低自尊词的回忆量,正面情绪组显著低于负面情绪组。在正面情绪组,高自尊词的回忆量显著高于低自尊词的回忆量;在负面情绪组,高自尊词的回忆量与低自尊词的回忆量无显著差异。  相似文献   

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