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1.
Abstract

To determine whether respiratory muscle strength is related to pulmonary volume differences in athletes and nonathletes, 11 intercollegiate female swimmers, 11 female cross-country runners, and two nonathletic control groups, matched to the athletes in height and age, were evaluated for pulmonary parameters including maximal inspiratory pressure (Plmax) and maximal expiratory pressure (PEmax). Swimmers exhibited larger (p < .05) vital capacities (VC), residual lung volumes (RV), inspiratory capacities (IC), and functional residual capacities (FRC) than both the runners or the controls but no difference (p > .05) in either Plmax or inspiratory flow (FIV25%-75%). Timed expiratory volumes (FEV Q.5 m and FEV1.0 were significantly (p < .05) lower in the swimmers than in the controls. These data suggest that an adaptational growth may be responsible, in part, for the augmented static lung volumes demonstrated in swimmers  相似文献   

2.
经过1年的业余游泳训练后,训练组(n=8)少儿女生的静态肺容量指标:肺活量(VC)、肺总量(TLC)、功能余气量(FRC)较控制组(n=10)显著提高(P<0.05);动态肺活量指标:1s用力呼气量(FEV1.0)、用力呼出50%肺活量时的最大流速(MEF50)较对照组有了非常显著的提高(P<0.01),而控制组无明显变化。训练组女生Raw有降低趋势,而控制组却有升高趋势。结果表明,大运动量的游泳训练能增强静态和动态肺容量,提高大气道和小气道的通气能力,调节气道及肺泡腔的建立。  相似文献   

3.
The effect of inspiratory muscle training for 10 min twice a day for 27.5 days was evaluated in 20 human subjects, of whom 10 formed a training group and 10 a sham training group. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), maximal ventilation, breathing frequency during maximal exercise and the distance run in 12 min on a track were determined in addition to resting peak expiratory flow, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), with alveolar oxygen tension (pAO2) during maximal exercise being calculated. Inspiratory muscle training increased maximal inspiratory pressure from 93 (range 38-118) to 110 (65-165) mmHg in the training group (P less than 0.0005), but did not affect VO2 max, ventilation during maximal exercise, peak expiratory flow, FEV1 or FVC. However, breathing frequency during maximal exercise decreased slightly from 56 (44-87) to 53 (38-84) breaths min-1 (P less than 0.05) in the training group only; but the calculated pAO2 did not increase from the pre-training value of 126 (116-132) mmHg. The maximal distance run during 12 min increased similarly in the training and sham training groups by 8% (3-12%) and 6% (2-12%), respectively (P less than 0.01). The results of this study show that inspiratory muscle training resulting in a 32% (0-85%) increase in maximal inspiratory pressure does not change FEV1, FVC, peak expiratory flow, VO2 max or work capacity.  相似文献   

4.
研究目的:了解我国优秀赛艇运动员肺通气机能及其与成绩的相关性,以期发现问题,指导训练。研究方法:以国家赛艇集训队112名运动员为研究对象。利用独立样本T检验、方差分析和Pearson相关进行统计分析。结果:1)赛艇运动员肺功能特点FEV1%(T)为76.5%,显著低于正常成人83%的标准,但FEV1%(G)却达到了93.29%,FEV3%达到了99.98%,超出了普通成年人的水平。说明赛艇运动员吸气不充分,呼气功能相对好于吸气功能。2)赛艇运动员肺通气功能与2 000m测功仪成绩相关性研究发现2 000m测功仪成绩与多数肺功能指标间存在中度甚至高度负相关,即肺功能越好,测功仪上2000m用时越短,成绩越好。结论:赛艇运动员肺通气机能良好,但呼气机能相对好于吸气机能。赛艇运动员肺通气机能与运动成绩之间存在中、高度相关,肺通气机能越好,比赛成绩越好。  相似文献   

5.
ABSTRACT

Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) has been consistently reported in elite endurance athletes. This study examined the effects of an inspiratory muscle training protocol (IMT) on resting pulmonary function, end-exercise arterial oxygen saturation and performance in hypoxemic rowers. Twenty male and sixteen female well-trained hypoxemic rowers were divided into four groups: IMT-male, control-male, IMT-female and control-female. The IMT groups, additionally to the regular training, performed IMT (30 min/day, 5 times/week, 6 weeks). Before and after training, groups underwent an incremental rowing test, a 2000-m time trial and a 5-min “all-out” race. IMT increased respiratory strength in the IMT-male (135 ± 31 vs. 180 ± 22 cmH2O) and IMT-female (93 ± 19 vs. 142 ± 22 cmH2O) (P < 0.05). The IMT-female group exhibited lower EIAH and improved rowing performance in the 2000-m time trial (487 ± 32 vs. 461 ± 34 sec) and in the 5-min “all-out” test (1,285 ± 28 vs. 1,310 ± 36m) (P < 0.05). IMT protocol improved performance in IMT-male only in the 5-min test (1,651 ± 31 vs. 1,746 ± 37m) (P < 0.05). IMT may be a useful tool for increasing respiratory strength and enhancing performance in hypoxemic rowers, especially for women.

Abbreviations: EIAH: Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia; IMT: inspiratory muscle training protocol; PaO2: partial pressure of arterial oxygen; SaO2: arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation; VO2max: maximal oxygen consumption; [(A-a)DO2]: alveolar-to-arterial oxygen difference; VA/Q: ventilation-perfusion inequality/mismatching; PImax: maximal inspiratory pressure; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; FVC: vital capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 sec; VCin: vital capacity; MVV12: maximal voluntary ventilation in 12 sec  相似文献   

6.
Respiratory muscle fatigue has been reported following short bouts of high-intensity exercise, and prolonged, moderate-intensity exercise, as evidenced by decrements in inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures. However, links to functionally relevant outcomes such as breathing effort have been lacking. The present study examined dyspnoea and leg fatigue during a treadmill marathon in nine experienced runners. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure, peak inspiratory and expiratory flow, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in one second were assessed before, immediately after, and four and 24 hours after a marathon. During the run, leg effort was rated higher than respiratory effort from 18 through 42 km (P < 0.05). Immediately after the marathon, there were significant decreases in maximal inspiratory pressure and peak inspiratory flow (from 118 +/- 20 cm H(2)O and 6.3 +/- 1.4 litres x s(-1) to 100 +/- 22 cm H(2)O and 4.9 +/- 1.5 litres x s(-1) respectively; P < 0.01), while expiratory function remained unchanged. Leg maximum voluntary contraction force was significantly lower post-marathon. Breathing effort correlated significantly with leg fatigue (r = 0.69), but not inspiratory muscle fatigue. Our results confirm that prolonged moderate-intensity exercise induces inspiratory muscle fatigue. Furthermore, they suggest that the relative intensity of inspiratory muscle work during exercise makes some contribution to leg fatigue.  相似文献   

7.
The aim of this study was to identify anthropometric and biomotor variables that discriminated among groups of elite adolescent female athletes aged 14.3 +/- 1.3 years (mean +/- s) from four different sports (tennis, n = 15; swimming, n = 23; figure skating, n = 46; volleyball, n = 16). The anthropometric variables included body mass, height, bi-epicondylar breadth of the distal extremity of the humerus and femur, maximal girth of the calf and biceps and the sum of five adipose skinfolds. The biomotor variables were maximal aerobic power, muscular endurance and flexibility of the trunk. Discriminant analysis revealed three significant functions (P < 0. 05). The first discriminant function primarily represented differences between figure skaters and all other groups of athletes. The other two underlined anthropometric and biomotor differences between swimmers and volleyball players and between tennis players and swimmers, respectively. After validation, the analysis showed that 88% of the athletes were correctly classified in their respective sports. Our model confirms that elite adolescent female athletes show physical and biomotor differences that clearly distinguish them according to their particular sport.  相似文献   

8.
The purpose of the study was to relate three determinants of distance running success, (a) maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), (b) ventilatory threshold (VT), and (c) running economy (RE), to actual running time in a 5-km race (ART). Twenty-four female runners (M age = 15.9 years) from four high school teams that competed at the Massachusetts All-State 5-km Cross Country Championship Meet and placed 1st, 7th, 19th, and 20th were tested in the laboratory. The mean VO2max of these runners was 61.7 ml.kg-1.min-1, HRmax 201 b.min-1, VEmax 100 L.min-1, and RER 1.10. The VT occurred at 79% of the VO2max, and HR of 184 b.min-1 (92% of HRmax). The velocity at VT (vVT) and velocity at VO2max (vVO2max) was correlated with ART, r(22) = .78 and .77 (p less than .001), respectively. The VO2 at VT and at maximal exercise was correlated with ART by r(22) = -.66 and -.69 (p less than .001), respectively. The VO2 at 215 m.min-1 (8 mph) was poorly related to ART, r(22) = -.05, p greater than .05. It was concluded that either of the derived variables vVT and vVO2max appear to explain significant variation in distance running performance among adolescent female cross country runners.  相似文献   

9.
本文调查研究了同龄的举重、柔道女运动员和女中学生的肺通气量、肺容量、用力呼气流速——容量曲线、残气量与功能残气、闭合气量与闭合总量,及肺弥散容量等指标。结果表明,举重和柔道女运动员的肺活量、用力呼气量、残气量、闭合总量与闭合总量/肺总量之比,以及弥散容量等生理功能均此非运动员的女学生高。与此同时,还发现女运动员的用力呼气流速、残气量及闭合总量等生理功能变化,可能和她们从事运动训练时利用憋气或屏息促肌力的呼吸特征相联系。  相似文献   

10.
In the present study, we examined the independent and combined effects of an inspiratory muscle warm-up and inspiratory muscle training on intermittent running to exhaustion. Twelve males were recruited to undertake four experimental trials. Two trials (Trials 1 and 2) preceded either a 4-week training period of 1 × 30 breaths twice daily at 50% (experimental group) or 15% (control group) maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (PImax). A further two trials (Trials 3 and 4) were performed after the 4 weeks. Trials 2 and 4 were preceded by a warm-up: 2 × 30 breaths at 40% PImax. Pre-training PImax and distance covered increased (P < 0.05) similarly between groups after the warm-up (~11% and ~5-7% PImax and distance covered, respectively). After training, PImax increased by 20 ± 6.1% (P < 0.01; d = 3.6) and 26.7 ± 6.3% (P < 0.01; d = 3.1) when training and warm-up were combined in the experimental group. Distance covered increased after training in the experimental group by 12 ± 4.9% (P < 0.01; d = 3.6) and 14.9 ± 4.5% (P < 0.01; d = 2.3) when training and warm-up interventions were combined. In conclusion, inspiratory muscle training and inspiratory muscle warm-up can both increase running distance independently, but the greatest increase is observed when they are combined.  相似文献   

11.
Inspiratory muscle fatigue may occur in as little as 6 min during high-intensity spontaneously breathing exercise. The aims of this study were to determine whether inspiratory muscle fatigue occurs during swimming exercise and whether inspiratory muscle strength differs between the supine and standing body positions. Seven competitive swimmers were recruited to perform a single 200 m front-crawl swim, corresponding to 90-95% of race pace. Inspiratory muscle strength was measured at residual volume using a hand-held mouth pressure meter that measured maximal inspiratory pressure in the upright and supine positions. At baseline, maximal inspiratory pressure in the supine position was significantly lower than maximal inspiratory pressure in the upright position (112 +/- 20.4 and 133 +/- 16.7 cmH2O, respectively; P < or = 0.01). Post-exercise maximal inspiratory pressure in the supine position (80 +/- 15.7 cmH2O) was significantly lower than baseline maximal inspiratory pressure in the supine position (P < or = 0.01). The results indicate that a single 200 m front-crawl swim corresponding to 90-95% of race pace was sufficient to induce inspiratory muscle fatigue in less than 2.7 min. Furthermore, although diaphragm muscle length is optimized when supine, our results indicate that the force output of the diaphragm and inspiratory accessory muscles is greater when upright than when supine.  相似文献   

12.
女运动员月经周期中性激素变化与运动成绩的研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
通过对３６ 名不同项目女运动员,在月经周期中血清雌二醇（Ｅ２） 、促卵泡激素（ＦＳＨ） 、促黄体生成素（ＬＨ） 、孕激素（Ｐ） 的测定,观察女运动员月经周期不同时相性激素变化与不同项目运动成绩的关系。受试者必须在卵泡期和黄体期分别按规定项目测试两次全速力竭运动成绩。赛艇队员测试５００ｍ 及２０００ｍ 成绩,田径队员测定１００ｍ 、２００ｍ 成绩,游泳队员测试每人专项成绩后统一评分。结果显示除赛艇运动员２０００ｍ 测试成绩无显著性差异外,其它各项成绩黄体期均优于卵泡期（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５ 或Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ,且黄体期Ｐ的浓度也较高（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。  相似文献   

13.
Inspiratory muscle fatigue may occur in as little as 6 min during high-intensity spontaneously breathing exercise. The aims of this study were to determine whether inspiratory muscle fatigue occurs during swimming exercise and whether inspiratory muscle strength differs between the supine and standing body positions. Seven competitive swimmers were recruited to perform a single 200 m front-crawl swim, corresponding to 90-95% of race pace. Inspiratory muscle strength was measured at residual volume using a hand-held mouth pressure meter that measured maximal inspiratory pressure in the upright and supine positions. At baseline, maximal inspiratory pressure in the supine position was significantly lower than maximal inspiratory pressure in the upright position (112±20.4 and 133±16.7 cmH2O, respectively; P?0.01). Post-exercise maximal inspiratory pressure in the supine position (80±15.7 cmH2O) was significantly lower than baseline maximal inspiratory pressure in the supine position (P?0.01). The results indicate that a single 200 m front-crawl swim corresponding to 90-95% of race pace was sufficient to induce inspiratory muscle fatigue in less than 2.7 min. Furthermore, although diaphragm muscle length is optimized when supine, our results indicate that the force output of the diaphragm and inspiratory accessory muscles is greater when upright than when supine.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

Respiratory muscle fatigue has been reported following short bouts of high-intensity exercise, and prolonged, moderate-intensity exercise, as evidenced by decrements in inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures. However, links to functionally relevant outcomes such as breathing effort have been lacking. The present study examined dyspnoea and leg fatigue during a treadmill marathon in nine experienced runners. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure, peak inspiratory and expiratory flow, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in one second were assessed before, immediately after, and four and 24 hours after a marathon. During the run, leg effort was rated higher than respiratory effort from 18 through 42 km (P < 0.05). Immediately after the marathon, there were significant decreases in maximal inspiratory pressure and peak inspiratory flow (from 118 ± 20 cm H2O and 6.3 ± 1.4 litres · s?1 to 100 ± 22 cm H2O and 4.9 ± 1.5 litres · s?1 respectively; P < 0.01), while expiratory function remained unchanged. Leg maximum voluntary contraction force was significantly lower post-marathon. Breathing effort correlated significantly with leg fatigue (r = 0.69), but not inspiratory muscle fatigue. Our results confirm that prolonged moderate-intensity exercise induces inspiratory muscle fatigue. Furthermore, they suggest that the relative intensity of inspiratory muscle work during exercise makes some contribution to leg fatigue.  相似文献   

15.
景晨 《体育科研》2019,(2):68-71
探讨手足相关派生指数与运动等级的相关度,为游泳运动员选材形态指标的精选提供理论依据。方法：对334名上海区级游泳学校、上海高校、上海市队、浙江省队游泳运动员手足表型进行测量统计并计算相应派生指数,对不同等级运动员手足面积表型与运动等级进行相关性分析。结果：男子游泳运动员手足面积表型与运动等级均无直线相关关系（相关系数小于0.3）,女子足部派生指标与运动等级亦均无直线相关关系,仅手部面积Ⅰ表型与运动等级存在极显著性低度直线相关（P＜0.01）。结论：手面积Ⅰ表型可入选女子游泳运动员二类选材指标。女子游泳运动员足面积表型和男子游泳员手足面积表型均不具备选材评价指标依据。  相似文献   

16.
The aims of this study were to determine the distribution of the AMPD1 genotype among groups of high-level Polish power-oriented athletes, and to investigate potential associations between genetic polymorphism in exon 2 of the AMPD1 gene and power-oriented athlete status. Altogether, 158 male Polish power-oriented athletes were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. The genetic control group comprised 160 unrelated male volunteers. We observed significant differences in genotype distribution when all 158 athletes (89.25% CC, 10.75% CT, 0.00% TT; P = 0.0025) were compared with controls (75.00% CC, 23.75% CT, 1.25% TT). A significant deficiency of the T allele was noted in all subgroups (short-distance runners: 5.21%, P = 0.032; short-distance swimmers: 5.56%, P = 0.031; weightlifters: 5.36%, P = 0.024) compared with controls (13.13%), while this trend was even stronger when the frequency of the T allele was compared between controls and all 158 athletes (5.38%, P = 0.0007). Our results indicate a lower frequency of the AMPD1 exon 2 T34 allele in elite Polish power-oriented athletes. Our data suggest that the C allele may help athletes to attain elite status in power-oriented sports.  相似文献   

17.
目的：通过测试上海市处于不同生长发育阶段青少年游泳运动员的血清睾酮水平，比较各发育阶段血清睾酮水平的差异，探讨基层教练员利用青少年生长发育的不同阶段来预测睾酮水平的可行性。方法：对420名青少年游泳运动员进行左手正位X线片的拍摄和血清睾酮的检测，按骨龄片中种籽骨形态的差异进行不同发育阶段的分组，从各组中随机抽取30人作为研究对象，男、女运动员分别进行组间血清睾酮水平的比较。结果：不同发育阶段男、女青少年游泳运动员的血清睾酮水平均存在显著性差异（P＜0.01）；男运动员发育后阶段血清睾酮值是发育中和发育前的186%和1 187%，女运动员发育后阶段血清睾酮值是发育中和发育前的155%和329%；男运动员的睾酮水平与肌肉含量存在显著性正相关（r=0.875，P＜0.01），与体脂百分比存在显著性负相关（r=-0.312，P＜0.01）；女运动员的睾酮水平与肌肉含量、体脂百分比均存在显著性正相关（r=0.774和0.463，P＜0.01）。结论：男、女青少年游泳运动员整个生长发育阶段血清睾酮水平都处于显著增加的趋势，且每个生长发育阶段，血清睾酮水平都具有明显的阶段特征；男、女运动员的血清睾酮水平对身体成分会产生影响，且存在性别特征。  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

Kenyan athletes have dominated international distance running in recent years. Explanations for their success include favourable physiological characteristics, which could include favourable genetic endowment, and advantageous environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to compare the demographic characteristics of elite Kenyan runners with those of the general Kenyan population. Questionnaires, administered to 404 elite Kenyan runners specializing in distances ranging from the 800 m to the marathon and 87 Kenyan controls, obtained information on place of birth, language, and distance and method of travel to school. Athletes were separated into two groups according to athletic success: those who competed in international competition and those who competed in national competition. The athletes differed from controls in regional distribution, language, and distance and method of travel to school; athletes also differed from each other with the exception of method of travel to school. Most national and international athletes came from the Rift Valley province (controls 20%, national athletes 65%, international athletes 81%), belonged to the Kalenjin ethnic group (controls 8%, national athletes 49%, international athletes 76%) and Nandi sub-tribe (controls 5%, national athletes 25%, international athletes 44%), and spoke languages of Nilotic origin (controls 21%, national athletes 60%, international athletes 79%). A higher proportion of all athletes ran to school each day (controls 22%, national athletes 73%, international athletes 81%) and covered greater distances. In conclusion, Kenyan runners are from a distinctive environmental background in terms of geographical distribution, ethnicity and travelled further to school, mostly by running. These findings highlight the importance of environmental and social factors in the success of Kenyan runners.  相似文献   

19.
The body composition and somatotype of 16 trained female triathletes aged 18.8-32.8 years were measured. All of the subjects were engaged in a competitive training programme and participated in the same triathlon. Anthropometric variables included height, mass, selected diameters, girths and skinfolds, and a Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype. Body composition was determined by hydrostatic weighing procedures and skinfold patterns. Comparisons were made with Olympic swimmers and runners. The triathletes had a mean body mass of 55.2 kg and a mean height of 162.1 cm. When compared to swimmers, the triathletes were somewhat shorter and significantly (P less than 0.005) older. On most other measures, including a balanced mesomorph somatotype of 3.1-4.3-2.6, they were similar to swimmers. This group of triathletes were generally heavier, less lean, more mesomorphic and less ectomorphic than elite runners. Reported body densities from other studies indicated little difference between the triathletes and other groups. Skinfold patterns were similar in shape for all groups, but the runners had smaller values, at all sites, than either swimmers or triathletes. Because of lack of information on cyclists, adequate comparisons were not possible. Regression analysis indicated that training parameters were more important than anthropometric measures in the prediction of performance. It was concluded that this group of triathletes were closer, with respect to both body composition and somatotype, to swimmers than to runners.  相似文献   

20.
优秀游泳运动员形态与机能特点的研究   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  
本文对四川省游泳队训练运动员的形态与机能进行了检测,研究结果表明,优秀游泳运动员的身高、臂展、胸围、肺活量、关节柔韧性、力量、水中浮力较好,其体重和体脂（％）大于体操和径赛运动员;宽肩、窄榄、身体呈流线形,有较高的血色素和血睾酮水平。  相似文献   

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