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1.
Nancy L. Murdock 《Counselor Education & Supervision》2001,40(3):170-181
Two models of attribution were compared in assessing counselors' reactions to clients' initial attributional presentations. Predictions derived from the content model of attribution suggested that certain attributional content in client presentations (e.g., internal and unstable explanations) would create more favorable counselor impressions. The belief similarity model predicted that counselor–client agreement on explanations for the client's problem was more critical. Results partially supported both models: Counselors reacted most positively when they disagreed with the client's internal attribution and the most negatively when they disagreed with the client's external attribution. 相似文献
2.
The causal explanation has an effect: (1) on expectancy and value at an intra-individual level (Weiner, 2000); (2) on feeling and affective evaluation at an interpersonal level (Weiner 2000); and (3) on institutional judgment at an organizational level (Dubois, 2003). A study was conducted with pupils between the 4th and 9th grades in order to explore how evident these constraints are in the production of causal explanations in response to daily events The analyses of variance performed on the number of explanations produced (for each type of explanation — internal stable, internal, unstable, external stable and external unstable) indicated, firstly, that the number of explanations of all four types increased with school grade. Secondly, academic events elicited more internal unstable explanations and did so to a greater extent as school grade increased. They also elicited more internal stable explanations and fewer external (stable or unstable) explanations than non-academic events. Thirdly, pupils produced more internal stable explanations in response to positive compared to negative events, whereas the reverse was observed for internal unstable explanations. These results are discussed in reference to the two constraints involved in explanations of daily events: an organisational constraint relating to the existence of social valorization of internal explanations and an intra-individual constraint bound to the preservation of self-esteem. 相似文献
3.
《Exceptionality》2013,21(4):229-243
The purpose of this study was to examine the social attributions of students with learning disabilities (LD) compared to those of nonlearning-disabled (NLD) low- achieving (LA) and average-achieving (AA) students. Ninety-two subjects partici- pated in the study; 32 students with LD and two matched control groups that consisted of 29 LA and 33 AA students. The results indicated that students with LD were likely to exhibit different social attribution patterns than did their NLD peers. They displayed a greater tendency to use external factors in explaining their social successes and failures, while attributing their successes to internal factors, than did LA and AA students. LA and AA students, conversely, were more likely to use interactional explanations of social events. 相似文献
4.
以679名高中生为被试,采用问卷调查法探讨了高中生物理学习自我监控与自我效能感、成就目标定向、归因的关系。结果表明：高中生物理学习自我监控与自我效能感存在较高的正相关;高中生物理学习自我监控与掌握目标定向存在较高的正相关,与成绩目标定向存在微弱正相关;高中生物理学习自我评价成功者的自我监控与内部可控归因存在显著的正相关,与内部不可控归因无显著相关,与外部归因存在微弱正相关;物理学习自我评价失败者的自我监控与内部可控归因、内部不可控归因、外部归因均无显著相关;自我效能感、目标定向和学习成败归因是影响自我监控的重要内部因素。 相似文献
5.
Previous studies often document that Black and Latinx adolescents demonstrate considerable positive self-concept despite their low academic achievement. We critically reviewed two common psychological explanations for this paradoxical phenomenon: selective devaluation hypothesis (lower value placed in schoolwork protects their self-concept) and external attribution hypothesis (external attribution of poor achievement protects their self-concept). For a deeper understanding of Black and Latinx youth’s development of self-concept as racially or ethnically influenced process, we revisited these hypotheses with consideration of explanatory mediator (i.e., academic value) and moderator (i.e., perceived school fairness), based on nationally representative longitudinal data of Black, Latinx, and White 10th graders (n ≅ 12,920, 50.5% female). Contrary to the selective devaluation hypothesis, we found that Black and Latinx youth placed greater value in schoolwork than White adolescents. Contrary to the external attribution hypothesis, self-concept was similarly related to previous achievement between Black and White adolescents and more closely related among Latinx adolescents. Based on the results, we proposed three alternative hypotheses that might better explain the process of developing academic self-concept among Black and Latinx youth. 相似文献
6.
陈宁 《上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2010,(1):40-43
对上海市729名初中生的调查表明,写作价值感、写作效能感、写作兴趣和内归因之间均呈显著相关;作文能力教师评定分数与此四因素呈显著正相关,与外归因呈显著负相关;写作效能感表现出显著的学校差异,写作价值感、写作效能感和写作兴趣的性别差异显著,除了外归因,其余动力因素都表现出显著的年级差异;写作动力随着年级升高而呈下降趋势,初一是一个重要的转折点,应引起语文教师的高度重视。 相似文献
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8.
王霞 《宁波职业技术学院学报》2011,(6):43-45
本研究采用问卷调查的方法对120名高职顶岗实习学生的职业紧张状况和归因风格的关系进行了研究。结果表明：顶岗实习学生比一般职业人承受更多的压力感;归因风格影响职业紧张：外部归因、不可控归因对职业紧张有显著的正向影响,而内部归因、可控归因能缓解工作压力。岗前就业辅导、归因风格训练等有助于提高学生顶岗实习的速度和质量。 相似文献
9.
Alain Clémence Claude Aymard Patrick Roumagnac 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1996,11(4):411-425
Children's explanations of their performances are characterized by an increase of internal explanations over external ones. Originally considered a manifestation of cognitive development, this change has more recently been considered as an appropriation of a social norm. Two investigations are presented analyzing development of causal explanations of success and failure in mathematics and drawing. In the first study, two measures of causal attribution are compared in order to show that the use of unipolar scales is more suitable for illustrating differences in causal factors progressively operated by children. The hypothesis of the appropriation of a norm of internality is investigated in the second study. Results do not confirm this hypothesis and further, they cannot be interpreted solely in terms of cognitive development. They are discussed in the frame of a theory of socio-cognitive development. 相似文献
10.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate how self-concept and attributional style are related to depression in a student group. On the basis of an inventory, 166 advanced teacher students were scored on general and academic self-esteem, attribution for positive and negative events, and depression. The two self-esteem variables were found to constitute important predictors of depression, while the contributions of the attributional variables were of minor importance. In addition, pessimistic attributions to both positive and negative events resulted in higher depression than pessimistic attributions to either kind of events, and to neither kind of events. Finally, factor analysis resulted in interpretable solutions. 相似文献
11.
Pascal Pansu Nicole Dubois Benoît Dompnier 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2008,23(4):385-397
The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the socionormative approach of internality in the field of education, and
more specifically regarding scholastic judgment. It describes the theoretical development and the main procedures used by
researchers to show that internal causal explanations have more value than external ones because they are normative and convey
social value. We present results that show that the preference for internal explanations is learned in school. We also demonstrate
that internal explanations are often chosen for self-presentation purposes and have some bearing in evaluative practices (here,
scholastic judgment). We also present results which show that certain internal explanations of school events, regardless of
their valence (success or failure), enhance the social worth of the pupil producing them. This applies to effort-based explanations
which are more highly valued than others (e.g., in terms of personological traits such as aptitudes or abilities). Such results
lead us to discuss the role played by internal explanations in the evaluation practices. We underline the relevant aspect
of the socionormative theory of internality by comparison to another sociocognitive approach namely Weiner’s attributional
theory of motivation. 相似文献
12.
Teachers' explanations for students' low achievement were reliably classified using the attributional coding system proposed by Cooper and Good (1983). Teachers most frequently attributed low achievement to a typical pattern of low effort. They viewed acquired student characteristics (e.g., low motivation, poor work habits) as more important than either teacher variables or classroom variables in explaining students' low achievement. Implications of these attribution patterns for improving student achievement and for developing student self-esteem are discussed. 相似文献
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14.
This study focused on hurtful messages daughters-in-law (DILs, N = 132) reported receiving from mothers-in-law (MILs). Results reveal various hurtful message types: under- and overinvolvement, personal attacks, and hurt communicated to or through a third party. Grounded in attribution theory, we examined DILs’ attributions for MILs’ hurtful messages and their perceived agreement with their husbands’ reasoning for the message. Our findings illuminate distress-maintaining and relationship-enhancing attribution biases for MILs’ behaviors, such that DILs who were less satisfied with their MILs tended to make more internal attributions for MIL hurtful behaviors, and more satisfied DILs tended to make more external attributions. The degree to which a DIL believed she and her husband interpreted his mother’s behavior similarly was also important and positively predicted marital satisfaction. Findings addto the growing portrait of in-law communication, offering directions for hurtful messages and attribution theorizing in the in-law context. 相似文献
15.
袁盈儿 《宁波教育学院学报》2022,(1):43-47
习得性无助感是一种普遍存在的心理障碍,在小学英语学习过程中,由于小学生内因如缺乏成功体验、不恰当的归因和不正确的比较以及家庭、学校和教师的外因共同影响下的一种低自我效能感、低学习动机的认知障碍。通过集体干预的形式,从儿童的英语学科核心能力、归因方式、自我认知以及家长认知四个方面进行干预,旨在将儿童习得性无助感转变为高自我效能感。 相似文献
16.
This study aims to investigate the relationship between acculturation attitude (i.e. adjustment and attachment attitudes) and individuals’ psychological adaptation (i.e. life satisfaction, depression and self-esteem). Additionally, the relationship between the dimensions of psychological adaptation with psychological well-being and their mediation effect are examined. Data were collected from 974 randomly selected international students pursuing their Master or Doctoral level studies in six Malaysian public universities using a structured questionnaire. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique was applied to examine the relationships in the research model. The results revealed that both adjustment and attachment attitudes are significantly related to life satisfaction and self-esteem while only adjustment attitude associates with depression. All the three dimensions of psychological adaptation are significantly related to psychological well-being. Moreover, the mediation effect of life satisfaction, self-esteem and depression are supported for the relationship between adjustment attitude and psychological well-being. Study implications and contributions are presented. 相似文献
17.
Causal attributions for success and failure at a forthcoming examination by 246 Filipino college freshmen, 64 male and 182 female, are examined. Although there is no data with which to compare the results of this study, it would appear that these young Filipinos generally possessed adaptive patterns of attribution. They ascribed possible success somewhat more to internal rather than external sources but attributed possible failure almost equally to these factors. Luck was perceived as being only of relatively minor importance. Internal success attribution was found to correlate significantly with satisfaction with success in three out of four cases. Effort attribution correlated significantly with the students' ratings of how hard they had tried. Contrary to U.S. research, the female respondents if anything possessed more adaptive patterns of attribution than their male peers. It is suggested that this has been a neglected area of cross-cultural research but one that should be of concern to all developing countries. 相似文献
18.
Maria Sarkova Maria Bacikova-Sleskova Andrea Madarasova Geckova Zuzana Katreniakova Wim van den Heuvel Jitse P. van Dijk 《Educational research; a review for teachers and all concerned with progress in education》2013,55(4):367-378
Background:?The school environment has shown itself to be an important factor in explaining adolescent behaviour. The relationships and experiences that pupils have at school have been found to influence their development, psychological well-being, self-esteem and social adjustment.Purpose:?The aim of the study is to explore whether there is a relationship between pupil–peer and pupil–teacher relationships and psychological well-being and self-esteem, and whether this relationship varies according to pupils’ experience of bullying or being bullied.Sample: Data consisted of a sample of 3694 students (mean age?±?SD 14.3?±?0.62 years; 51% girls) from elementary schools in Slovakia.Design and method:?Questionnaires were administered to the students. In terms of data analysis, linear regression was firstly used in the whole sample to explore pupil–peer and pupil–teacher relationships and psychological well-being (the depression/anxiety and social dysfunction subscales of GHQ-12) and self-esteem (positive and negative self-esteem subscales of RSE). Next, the whole sample was divided into four groups in terms of involvement in bullying (normative contrasts, passive victims, aggressive non-victims and aggressive victims). Linear regression was used to explore the associations between pupil–peer and pupil–teacher relationships with the two factors of psychological well-being and two factors of self-esteem in these four groups.Results:?As findings showed, better pupil–peer relationships and also pupil–teacher relationships were significantly related statistically to less depression/anxiety and social dysfunction, as well as to more positive and less negative self-esteem. All bullying categories were significantly related to pupil–peer relationships and the four dependent variables. However, in the categories of aggressive victims and aggressive non-victims, the pupil–teacher relationship was not significantly related to their psychological well-being and self-esteem. Also, in all subgroups, better pupil–peer relationships were significantly related to less depression/anxiety and social dysfunction, as well as with more positive and less negative self-esteem.Conclusion:?Given the differences found in the connections between pupil–teacher relationships and well-being and self-esteem, between those who bullied and those who were bullied, it would seem that the school environment can play an important role in implementing anti-bullying prevention strategies. 相似文献
19.
习得无助理论的研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
习得无助指个体经历了某种学习后，引起动机、认知、情绪和行为上的消极表现，影响后来的学习。自Seligman提出习得无助理论以来，就引起了心理学界的广泛研究，这些研究从不同的角度解释了习得无助的产生机制，形成了习得无助的行为控制、归因、认知、目标、自尊保护、人格等多种理论，并为习得无助的治疗提供了理论依据。 相似文献
20.
Internal and External Barriers, Cognitive Style, and the Career Development Variables of Focus and Indecision 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
One hundred and thirty final year high school students were administered scales tapping optimism/pessimism, self-esteem, external career barriers, career decision-making self-efficacy, career focus and career indecision. It was hypothesised, first, that cognitive style (optimism/pessimism) would predict both internal (self-esteem) and external career-related barriers, second, that internal barriers would interact with external barriers and impact on career decision-making self-efficacy, and third, the previously mentioned variables would subsequently predict career focus and career indecision. Results demonstrated that cognitive style was influential in determining the perception of internal barriers (for females and males) and external barriers (females only). Internal and external barriers, along with optimistic/pessimistic cognitive style, were found to predict career decision-making self-efficacy (in males, but not in females). There was no evidence that internal and external barriers interacted to predict career decision-making self-efficacy. Last, it was found that career decision-making self-efficacy, internal and external barriers, and optimistic/pessimistic cognitive style were able to predict career focus (males and females) and career indecision (males only). Results are discussed in the context of Carver and Scheier's (1981) control theory. 相似文献