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1.
Two experiments examined the conditions under whichBetta agonistic responding occurs by manipulating physical space and the species and social responsiveness of an opponent. In Experiment 1, both the species (conspecific or nonconspecific) and the aggressiveness (aggressive or nonaggressive) of the opponent were manipulated. The results indicated that agonistic behavior was greater with both conspecifics and aggressive opponents. Experiment 2 examined the effects of physical space and social responsiveness of the opponent on intraspecific aggressive behavior. An inverse relationship was found between physical space and the number of attacks directed toward the opponent. The results of both experiments also indicated thatBetta tend to attack aggressive opponents more than nonaggressive ones. It is suggested thatBetta aggress either when the individual animal is threatened or when physical space is limited. 相似文献
2.
The waning of aggressive behavior in two groups of community-housed maleBetta was studied by observing incidences of display and fighting behaviors. In Experiment 1, observations were made during the establishment of a community, while it was maintained at a stable size, and during systematic removal of the dominant (alpha) males. Experiment 2 investigated the aggressive interactions of males in a stable-sized population, maintained for a period of 10 weeks. The results indicate that prolonged periods of constant conspecific exposure do not necessarily result in a significant attenuation of display behaviors. The data further indicate that the social organization (as determined from aggressive interactions) appears to be one in which the top- and bottom-ranking males are clearly defined. It is suggested that the maintenance of aggressive behavior among community-housed maleBetta may well be related to their social position. 相似文献
3.
Two experiments investigated the influence of peripheral anosmia with zinc sulfate solution on aggressive and nonaggressive behaviors of rats in the colony intrusion paradigm. Experiment I was a replication of a previous observation that anosmic intruders arenot attacked by resident males. No significant differences were found in aggressive response to normal or anosmic intruders. Experiment II tested colony residents under normal and anosmic conditions for aggressive and nonaggressive response to intruders. The results were in agreement with previous reports that anosmia abolishes differential responding between males and females as well as all aggressive acts normally directed against unfamiliar males. 相似文献
4.
In three separate experiments, maleBetta splendens were exposed, respectively, to mirror images, a variety of conspecifics, and to future opponents, prior to combat with unexposed subjects. Threat display to mirror images and to live opponents habituated significantly, but the outcomes of dominance-subordinance tests were not significantly affected by prior exposure to any of the threat-eliciting stimuli. Results are discussed in terms of stimulus and response specificity and possible chemical suppression of agonistic behavior. 相似文献
5.
The agonistic behaviors of maleBetta splendens (Regan) were studied during both mutually viewing and mutually caged encounters in an investigation of differences between these types of encounters. With the pairings of animals held constant, the experience of prior mutual viewing which produced significant habituation did not significantly alter aggression in subsequent mutually caged encounters. Furthermore, animals which exhibited submissiveness (zero display rates) during mutually caged encounters significantly increased the intensity of aggression during subsequent mutual viewing, while the dominant caged mates decreased the rate of displays. These results were interpreted to mean that mutual viewing produces habituation while mutual caging produces conditioned suppression, and that generalizations from one situation to the other may therefore be unwarranted. 相似文献
6.
In Experiment 1, male rats were exposed to either aggressive (i.e., alpha) or nonaggressive conspecific colonies and tested 24 h later, with or without alpha odors, for freezing behavior and burying of a wall prod that had been the source of a brief electric shock. The results indicated that prior defeat experience and the presence of alpha odors alone during testing had no significant effects, but the combination of prior defeat and alpha-odor testing significantly decreased burying and increased freezing behavior. In Experiment 2, we examined the effects of noncontact exposure to a cat, as a predatory Stressor, during subsequent prod-shock tests involving the presence or absence of cat odors. Exposure to a cat failed to disrupt later prod burying and did not produce freezing. However, the presence of cat odors during testing significantly reduced the amount of defensive burying,without resulting in an increment in freezing. In Experiment 3, rats were given 1, 5, or 30 inescapable preshocks in the presence of either cat odors or a hedonically neutral citronella odor and were tested 24 h later for prod burying and freezing with or without these odors. Both the cat and the citronella odors resulted in a significant reduction in burying and an increase in freezing for rats given 5 and 30 preshocks and tested in the presence of these respective conditioned odors. For the groups that were given 5 preshocks, preshock and later testing in the presence of cat odors resulted in significantly less prod burying and more freezing than for rats that were preshocked and tested in the presence of citronella. The findings of these three ethoexperimental studies are discussed in terms of the learned-helplessness theory, the stress-coping-fear-defense (SCFD) theory, and the concept of selective CS-US associability. 相似文献
7.
Display Rules for Anger and Aggression in School-Age Children 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
2 related studies addressed the development of display rules for anger and the relation between use of display rules for anger and aggressiveness as rated by school peers. Third, fifth, and seventh graders (ages 8.4, 10.9, and 12.8, respectively) gave hypothetical responses to videotaped, anger provoking vignettes. Overall, regardless of how display rules were defined, subjects reported display rules more often with teachers than with peers for both facial expressions and actions. Reported masking of facial expressions of anger increased with age, but only with teachers. Girls reported masking of facial expressions of anger more than boys. There was a trend for aggressive subjects to invoke display rules for anger less than nonaggressive subjects. The phenomenon of display rules for anger is complex and dependent on the way display rules are defined and the age and gender of the subjects. Most of all, whether children say they would behave angrily seems to be determined by the social context for revealing angry feelings; children say they would express anger genuinely much more often with peers than with teachers. 相似文献
8.
Donald A. Dewsbury 《Learning & behavior》1976,4(2):177-180
Although cactus mice,Peromyscus eremicus, typically resume copulatory behavior soon after attaining their first ejaculation, they rarely attain additional ejaculations. Experiment I was designed to determine the relative contribution of the male and female to this phenomenon of “ejaculatory failure”—the failure to attain ejaculation despite initiation of a series. Each of 18 male and 18 female cactus mice was tested in three conditions: once with a mated male paired with an unmated female, once with an unmated male paired with a mated female, and once with the original pairing retained. Ejaculatory failure was found to be primarily attributable to changes in the male. In Experiment II, it was found that the inhibitory effects of the first series are largely, but not completely, dissipated after 24 h. The first ejaculatory series appears to produce an elevation of the male’s ejaculatory threshold. 相似文献
9.
工读生和普通生攻击性行为归因方式的比较研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
本研究采用投射测验 ,通过集体开放式问卷的形式来比较工读学生和普通学生攻击性行为归因方式的特点。结果表明 :(1)工读生对意图不明的伤害作敌意性归因和攻击性反应预测的倾向比普通生明显。 (2 )工读生攻击性情绪反应更冲动 ,而不顾后果。在事态发展过程中较为自私 ,更多的考虑对自己产生的不利 ,较少考虑对受害者造成的伤害。 (3)工读生大多认为攻击性行为在社会矛盾冲突情境中是一种合情合理的反应方式。他们对被攻击者的同情心和移情能力 ,对攻击性行为的良心谴责都比较缺乏。他们在社会认知上表现出的偏差都和他们的攻击性行为有一定的关系。 相似文献
10.
A S Chamove 《Child development》1984,55(4):1394-1411
8 stump-tailed macaques were reared individually and either given all of their daily social experience in darkness (dark group) or given half their social experience in the dark and half in the light (controls). The dark group showed almost no aggressive behavior and less play than controls. Later, when all were tested in the light, the dark group were still less aggressive. Controls were less aggressive in the dark than in the light. There was no difference between the two groups in the form of the dominance hierarchy or the strength of preferences for social partners. This suggests that vision is especially important in the maintenance of assertive behaviors and in the instigation and the direction of aggressive behaviors, but relatively less important in other areas of social development. 相似文献
11.
12.
It has been shown that young children can recognize emotional states in their peers, that they understand many of the antecedents of emotion, and they are motivated to change negative emotional states in others. The present study examined children's ability to nominate strategic social action that would alter the ongoing emotional state of a peer. Children of 3 ages--5, 8, and 12 years of age--viewed a picture of a young child actually experiencing happiness, sadness, anger, or in a neutral state. In a portion of instances, information was also provided about the social or nonsocial experience that led to the target child's state. The strategies children nominated fell into a small set of agonistic (nurturant) and antagonistic (aggressive) behaviors intended to change positive or negative states. With increasing age, children tended to nominate a greater proportion of verbal strategies, social strategies (with the exception of strategies nominated to change anger), and strategies that directly addressed the cause of another's emotional state. 相似文献
13.
BackgroundThere is limited research on the disclosure experiences of men who have experienced childhood sexual abuse and on how such experiences might impact mental health outcomes.ObjectiveThe current study described men’s disclosure experiences and examined the role of disclosure characteristics on mental well-being (internalizing and externalizing behaviors, substance use, resilience).Participants and settingMen (N = 253) from across Canada and the U.S. were recruited through websites for males with sexual abuse histories. Men aged 18–59 years anonymously completed an online study on their sexual abuse, disclosure experiences, and mental health outcomes.ResultsFindings indicated that 77.9% of men disclosed their sexual abuse, although they waited an average of 15.4 years before sharing their experience. Once disclosed, 64.4% of the men reported a positive response (e.g., support), while 35.6% reported a negative response (e.g., blame). Regression analyses indicated that a greater delay in disclosure predicted greater externalizing behaviors (B = .49, p < .05), although this was a small effect (Cohen’s f 2 = 0.02). Additional disclosure variables were associated with components of externalizing (aggressive and rule-breaking behaviors) and internalizing (somatic complaints) behaviors.ConclusionsThese results require replication in future studies. However, they do suggest that efforts need to be undertaken to address the barriers that hinder men from disclosing their sexual abuse and to ensure that men are supported once they disclose. 相似文献
14.
Agonistic interactions between all possible pairings of 10 adult female rainbow cichlids (Herotilapia multispinosa) were observed in three round-robin tournaments. Specific behaviors and color patterns were found to characterize winning and losing fish. The outcomes of agonistic encounters were used to construct a hypothetical dominance hierarchy. This hierarchy was consistent over the three tournaments in that (1) the order of animals in the hierarchy remained relatively unchanged and (2) the relationship between the members of a particular dyad tended to remain stable. The latter was especially true for fish of widely different dominance rank. 相似文献
15.
Young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are increasingly being included in early childhood classrooms that include typically developing peers and in general education classrooms once they enter school. Many of these learners have the requisite academic skills to be successful, yet their social communication and behavioral challenges often impede their successful inclusion in general education settings. The challenges educators may experience when interpreting and responding to some behaviors exhibited by young students with ASD are explored and analyzed using an illustrative case vignette of a Kindergarten child with ASD. Recommendations for analyzing the communicative function of children’s behavior and for embedding social communication opportunities in inclusive classroom settings are described. 相似文献
16.
Paul M. Bronstein 《Learning & behavior》1982,10(2):145-151
Seven experiments examined the reproductive activities of Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Spawning occurred after heterosexual pairs were together for about 24 h, and males cared for eggs, nest, and fry thereafter. The visual cues provided by an intruder male, but not a female, stimulated aggression in the male breeder, and these agonistic behaviors competed with breeding to cause a decrement in reproductive efficiency. Males were found to protect eggs and fry by preventing the growth of a fungus lethal to their offspring. 相似文献
17.
Christine Johnson Marsha Ironsmith Charles W. Snow G. Michael Poteat 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2000,27(4):207-212
Research on the relation between social behavior and peer acceptance in preschool children and the long-term consequences of peer acceptance or rejection is reviewed. Preschool children who exhibit aggressive behavior tend to be rejected by peers at an early age and these first impressions have a lasting effect on peer acceptance, in spite of subsequent changes in the child's behavior. Social behaviors that are related to peer popularity vary by age and sex. Children who experience high levels of peer acceptance in preschool and who have friends entering kindergarten with them make a better adjustment to school. Recommendations for fostering social development in preschoolers are discussed. 相似文献
18.
本研究选取长春市8所学校的1 527名大、中、小学生为被试,通过自编问卷（性别观念调查问卷）对他们在学校领域、家庭领域、职业领域的性别平等意识进行了调查。结果表明：（1）在发展趋势上,小学生性别平等意识较低,中学阶段性别平等意识有所提高,但在大学阶段又重现下降趋势;（2）在性别差异方面,在各学段女生的性别平等意识显著高于男生,女生性别平等意识初中阶段最强,男生性别平等意识高中阶段最强;（3）在不同领域中,被试在职业领域的性别平等意识最低,家庭和学校领域的性别平等意识显著高于职业领域。根据研究结果,对性别平等教育提出了建议,指出小学和大学阶段是性别平等教育的重要时期,男生群体尤其需要性别平等意识的教育,职业领域的性别平等问题应成为教育重点。 相似文献
19.
Although child maltreatment places youth at substantial risk for difficulties with emotion regulation and aggression, not all maltreated youth show these adverse effects, raising important questions about characteristics that discriminate those who do versus do not evidence long-term negative outcomes. The present investigation examined whether implicit beliefs about emotion moderated the association between maltreatment and aggression. Maltreated (n = 59) and community-matched (n = 66) youth were asked regarding their beliefs about emotion and aggressive behaviors. Beliefs about emotion were more strongly associated with aggression among maltreated youth, particularly physically abused youth. Maltreated youth who believed they had poor ability to control emotion reported significantly higher levels of aggression than comparison youth. However, maltreated youth who believed they had high ability to control emotion did not differ significantly in aggression from that of comparison youth. Findings offer unique insight into a factor that may increase or buffer maltreated youth’s risk for aggression and thus highlight potential directions for interventions to reduce aggressive tendencies. 相似文献
20.
This paper explores the well-documented relationship between child maltreatment and aggressive and criminal behavior, specifically examining several dimensions of maltreatment and cumulative child and family risk. Using data from the provincially representative Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (OIS-2013), this paper utilizes a developmental lens to examine whether maltreatment dimensions and cumulative risk can differentiate maltreated young people who exhibit aggressive and criminal behaviors and those who do not.A total unweighted sample of 1837 substantiated maltreatment investigations was examined in this analysis using chi-square, t-test, and logistic regression. The findings indicate that 13% of maltreated children and youth served by the Ontario child welfare system exhibited aggression and 6% of maltreated adolescents were involved in the youth justice system. Aggressive children and youth were more likely to experience severe and co-occurring forms of maltreatment and to experience higher levels of cumulative child risk. In adolescence, youth exhibiting aggressive and/or criminal behavior commonly were investigated because of neglect, specifically because their caregivers were no longer willing or able to remain in a caregiving role. Implications for child welfare policy and practice are discussed. 相似文献