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1.
Whereas the MDG was a simple schooling goal the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have a number of targets for learning. Target 4.1 specifies not just that all children complete primary and secondary school but that this schooling leads to “relevant and effective learning outcomes” and Indicator 4.1.1 tracks progress goal using the proportion of children reaching “minimum proficiency” at early (grade 2/3), intermediate (primary complete) and late (end if lower secondary) stages of basic education with the aim that "all youth…achieve literacy and numeracy" (Target 4.6). We use the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) data from India and Pakistan, and Uwezo data from Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda that assess all children in a given age range, whether in school or not, on simple measures of learning in math, reading (local language), and English, to quantify how much achieving within country equality between the richest 20 percent and the poorest 40 percent in (a) grade attainment and (b) learning achievement by grade would contribute to an SDG-like global equity goal of universal numeracy and literacy for all children by age 12−13. We have three empirical findings. First, except in Kenya equalizing grade attainment between children from rich and poor households would lead to only modest progress in achieving universal numeracy, closing only between 8% (India) and 25 % (Pakistan) of the existing gap to universal literacy. Second, equalizing the learning profiles, that is, closing the gap in learning for children in the same grade between those from the poorest 40 percent of households and the richest 20 percent, would close between 16 % (Pakistan and Uganda) and 34 % (India) of the gap to universal numeracy, and between 13 % (Uganda) and 44 % (India) of the gap to universal literacy. Third, even with complete equality in grade attainment and learning achievement with children from the richest 20 percent children from poorer households still be far from the equity goal of universal numeracy and literacy, as even children from the richest 20 percent of households are far from universal mastery of basic reading and math by ages 12−13. In the currently low performing countries achieving universal literacy and numeracy to reach even a minimal proficiency of global equity goal will require more than just closing the rich-poor learning gap, it will take progress in learning for all. 相似文献
2.
Jaddon Park 《Asia Pacific Journal of Education》2008,28(4):323-351
Madaris (plural of madrasa) face a multitude of challenges in preparing students for life in rapidly modernising societies and emerging globalised knowledge economies. The complexity of the role and tasks of madaris, which are caught in the interface of modernity and tradition, the challenges they face, and the strategies they develop to address these challenges, suggest the need for a very cautious approach when attaining a clear picture of madrasa education and making conclusive statements about them. The literature has contributed more to confusion than clarity about the number of madaris, their rationale, purpose, pedagogy, curricula, funding, administration, relations with the state, and global violence. This paper presents an account of current debates of madrasa education and reform focusing on madaris within the diverse Sunni schools of thought and denominations located across South Asia and Southeast Asia. Based on an extensive review and analysis of over 90 articles, an overview of madrasa education and an examination of the issues and challenges facing Islamic schools that struggle to uphold tradition, and those that have begun to embrace modernisation and integration in the global process of change is given. The extent that some Islamic education systems are willing to collaborate with non-Muslims and in the process potentially enrich their circle of interest while engaging with the rest of the world in dialogue offers promising glimpses and a sense of hope for religious-based education in Muslim communities in the 21st century. 相似文献
3.
Slums account for around a third of the population of Dhaka, Bangladesh, and are thought to be growing rapidly. But there is little in the research literature about education of children who live in slums and it is doubtful whether they are covered in official statistics such as those on enrolment rates. This paper addresses this gap with information from a 2008 survey of around 1600 slum households. Most had incomes of less than US$1 per day per person, and faced problems including flooding, poor housing, and risk of eviction. A wide range of school types provided education to children from the study areas, but this varied a lot between different slums. 相似文献
4.
Naruho Ezaki 《Education 3-13》2019,47(5):520-533
Using longitudinal data, this study examined the enrolment status of individual children left behind in the global trend towards ‘quality education’. The study identified common characteristics among dropouts as well as the existence of children who managed to complete primary education but could not progress smoothly. Among them, some children’s grade levels were lowered by more than two years when they transferred from public to private schools, and their grade levels increased by one or more years when they transferred from private to public schools. These surprising enrolment patterns provide evidence of an ignorance about systematic learning. 相似文献
5.
The South Africa Schools Act requires every child to “attend school from the first school day of the year in which such learner reaches the age of seven years until the last day of the year in which such learner reaches the age of 15 years or the ninth grade, whichever comes first” (Republic of South Africa, 1996). This paper addresses three questions in relation to this. First, to what extent has this legal requirement been met? Second, what are the trends in relation to achieving universal access to compulsory education? And third, what are the factors related to and characteristics of those learners of compulsory school age who are not attending? To address these questions, we have made use of the Statistics South Africa dataset, Community Survey 2007. Our analysis suggests that the size of the compulsory age population who are not attending school may be slightly higher than some government sources have suggested. The trend associated with access remains consistent, with the only major change over the past 10 years being the improved levels of enrolment of six and seven year old children. With regard to the factors related to and the characteristics of children who are not attending school, our analysis reveals that certain sub-populations have higher non-attendance ratios: coloured boys; children whose parents, particularly mothers, have died; children born outside South Africa; children who have moved in the past five years; children with disabilities; and children living in some specific rural communities. A number of broad but interrelated factors may account for children not being in school: disability; family structure; children living in households that are eligible for social grants but are not receiving them; and geographic and racial characteristics. To be poor in South Africa may mean exclusion from the mainstream of the economy, but it does not necessarily mean exclusion from access to basic state services like enrolment in schooling or social grants. Children not attending are not only likely to be living in households that are excluded from participation in the mainstream economy, but are also on the fringes of state services; they may also be on the fringes of households. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research to identify reasons why children in these vulnerable sub-populations are less likely to be enrolled. 相似文献
6.
This paper explores the impact of international migration on school enrolment of children staying behind in Tajikistan, by using data from a large nationally representative household survey. By correcting endogeneity and self-selection of migration and remittance with respect to school enrolment, the results show that migration of household members reduces the probability of enrolling in school by 10.3 percentage points for children who belong to households with migrants. The effect of parental migration is larger than migration of other household members. Receiving remittances does not fully offset the adverse impact of migration. 相似文献
7.
Nadia Siddiqui 《Educational studies》2017,43(4):391-409
The distribution of children in different school-types and regions in Pakistan suggests that access and opportunities in education are not evenly accessible for many children. Segregation at school level is an important concern for equity and social justice because the adverse effects of segregation increase the pre-existing gap in opportunities between rich and poor, preventing the disadvantaged children from equal access to better life and success opportunities. This paper presents an analysis of segregation by poverty and pupil performance between schools, with a comparison of private and government schools in Pakistan. The data obtained for this study is from the Annual Status of Education Report 2014 survey of households and schools. The analysis includes 27,979 children aged 5–16 years for whom the information could be linked with their schools, and parents’ socio-economic status. Segregation levels have been assessed using the Gorard Segregation Index. The results show that segregation by academic performance is higher than segregation by poverty, and segregation by poverty is higher in the private sector compared to government schools, whereas segregation by performance is greater in the government schools. A regional level analysis shows that segregation in urban areas is higher in both school types compared to rural areas. In addition to insisting on full attendance for children of school age, the government should work towards decreasing segregation in the state sector, perhaps also involving an increase in the number of schools maintained, and therefore reducing the need for cheap private provision. 相似文献
8.
在我国义务教育入学率达到99.8％的背景下,农村残疾儿童的入学率仅为71.4％.这与到2020年,农村适龄残疾儿童少年和残疾人家庭子女受教育状况达到当地平均教育水平的目标仍有很大差距.特殊教育经费投入不足,特殊教育法律体系不完善,特殊教育管理体制不健全,残疾儿童家庭贫困、家长观念落后是主要原因.建议通过增加特殊教育投入、加快特殊教育立法、完善特殊教育体系、加强师资队伍建设、转变家长观念、构建社会支持体系等途径保障农村残疾儿童受教育权的实现. 相似文献
9.
中国研究生在校生规模中长期预测——国际比较的视角 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本研究利用世界各国、各地区近年来的有关数据,通过不同的模型,从国际比较的视角对于中国研究生在校生规模的中长期发展进行了预测,结果表明,到2010年中国博士生在校生的适宜规模在17万人左右,整个研究生在校生的适宜规模为138万人左右;2020年中国博士生在校生的适宜规模在21-28万人左右,整个研究生在校生的适宜规模为171-228万人左右。基于上述预测结果,我们认为在2010年之前,中国的博士生规模扩张的空间十分有限,而硕士生规模仍然有一定的增长空间。 相似文献
10.
Kagendo Mutua Dimiter M. Dimitrov 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》2001,48(2):179-191
The purpose of this study was to develop a logistic regression model for the prediction of school enrolment of Kenyan children with intellectual disabilities. The initial set of predictors included three demographic variables (child's gender, child's level of intellectual disability, and parents' level of education) and six factors of parents' expectations and beliefs about future outcomes and education of children with intellectual disabilities. Previous research implicated some of these concepts in school enrolment of children with disabilities in African countries without providing a particular prediction model. The hypothesised factor structure of the instrument developed in this study was tested by using a confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. A stepwise logistic regression was conducted with the initial model including all nine predictors of school enrolment of children with intellectual disabilities in Kenya. Significant predictors in the final logistic regression model were (a) parents' expectations about social acceptance of the child, (b) parents' bias against educating children with intellectual disabilities, (c) parents' beliefs about a segregated school option, (d) parents' beliefs about the appropriateness of the child's school education, and (e) parents' level of education. 相似文献
11.
Jacqui Gabb 《Sex education》2013,13(1):19-34
Sexuality is something that children experience from an early age. It may be a cause of individual concern and anxiety, but is seldom, if ever, deconstructed at any stage of a child's education. Institutionalized fear and misunderstandings of Section 28 (1988) have effectively removed discussion of sexuality, homosexual or otherwise, from the English school curriculum. This structural silence on sexuality is all too frequently repeated at home. In this article I interrogate how children from lesbian parent households ‘learn’ about sexuality, looking at the effects of their parents' (homo)sexual orientation on their ‘sexuality education’. I consider how sex education is taught in schools; what children traditionally ‘learn’ about sexuality. I then look at whether sexuality education is any different for children from lesbian parent families; whether these children have greater sexuality knowledge, and, if so, how this has been ‘learnt’. I suggest that it may be the ambient presence of sexuality—as both a topic of conversation and mothers' unspoken sexual identity—that means lesbian parent families offer a distinctive form of sexuality education. This article draws on empirical research on sexuality and lesbian parent families with lesbian parent families who lived in the Yorkshire region, UK. 相似文献
12.
The paper reports on the choices nomadic pastoralists in Somalia have made and might make for the education of their children, based on a large scale household survey. Households were asked about their own and their children's education and the educational possibilities open to them; and, at the end, they were asked how they would use an unexpected remittance from a friend or relative abroad.The findings on their use of and expenditure on education for their children are briefly summarised and then compared with the findings on their priorities for using the unexpected remittance. A surprisingly high proportion (26%) said that they would use some of the at least some of the money to pay school fees, whilst less than half that (12%) said that they would keep the money for emergencies (including health care), even though households actually spent more than twice as much on health care than on education. 相似文献
13.
Birger Fredrisken 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1983,29(2):141-153
In spite of an enrolment growth during the past two decades unparalleled in history, the battle to reach universal primary education (UPE) is still far from won for most developing countries (DC). High population growth and persistent high levels of repetition and drop-out contribute to the elusiveness of this target. About half the 142% primary school enrolment increase achieved between 1960 and 1980 was required just to keep pace with population growth. Repetition consumes about 15% of the DC's primary school capacity and about 40% of those starting Grade 1 drop out prior to Grade 4. Net of repetition, the DC had in 1980 an enrolment capacity corresponding to about 3/4 of their children of primary school age. While the capacity for new admission almost equalled the size of the population of admission age, because of high drop-out and repetition, the number of non-repeaters enrolled in the final grade of the cycle was only about half that of the corresponding population age-group. Maintaining present levels of repetition, the DC would have to more than double their 1980 enrolment to attain UPE by the year 2000. Therefore, in view of the present economic crisis, it is likely that many DC will enter the 21st century without having reached this target. 相似文献
14.
Eric Woods 《Prospects》2008,38(3):425-430
Positive developments are identified, notably a strong policy and planning environment linked to overall strategy for growth
and poverty reduction, leading to vigorous commitment to achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Abolition of school
fees, and a measure of compulsion, resulted in significant gains in school enrolment, including almost equal rates of enrolment
for boys and girls since 2000. Poverty is mainly rural and the system struggles to supply education to very poor people. The
needs of Tanzania’s sizeable number of children living with disability have been identified and policy is in place, but there
is little provision as yet. In responding to HIV/AIDS, more action is essential. Increased enrolment rates have been blamed
for a serious negative effect on quality. Modernized curriculum and pedagogy have been prescribed, but realization of these
improvements will require a seismic shift in teacher training, support and the provision of education resources.
相似文献
| Eric WoodsEmail: |
15.
The role of parental expectations in determining children's higher education participation is important in understanding both participation and potential policy responses. Using a nationally representative longitudinal survey of Australian households, providing repeat observations on expectations for individual children, this study extends the literature in several respects. First, it examines the adaptation of parental expectations over a 4-year time frame. Second, it looks at how parental expectations for school children are associated with actual higher education outcomes in the future. Third, the longitudinal aspect of the dataset permits more robust analyses of factors that shape parental expectations. The findings indicate that parental expectations of their children's attendance at university are generally stable across time. Perceptions of children's academic achievement at school are shown to be the key influence in shaping parents' expectations, and behavioural issues at school adversely affect expectations. Australian parents from non-English-speaking backgrounds were more likely to form positive expectations of university participation by their children, consistent with studies from other countries. A more nuanced picture of the formation of expectations for sole-parent mothers is also presented. Positive effects of parental education and children's enrolment in a private school on parents' expectations, over and above any effect on school achievement, highlight these socioeconomic factors as potential causal channels for the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic outcomes. 相似文献
16.
《International Journal of Educational Development》2002,22(2):191-203
In the recent past, there have been a number of new initiatives to improve the access to primary education in many developing countries. Such initiatives, which came from the public, private and non-governmental (NGO) sectors, have resulted in improved performance in various efficiency indicators. This paper reports results from a nationwide study in Bangladesh on the levels and changes in enrolment pattern of children at the primary level. The gross enrolment ratio has reached 107% and the net enrolment rate 77%. Gender gap has disappeared; in fact girls have surpassed boys! However, the increase in enrolment taking place is not at the desired speed; it is less than one percentage point per year. The government is still the major provider of primary education with two-thirds of all enrolments, but non-formal schools run by NGOs also have important contributions to the positive changes that are taking place in Bangladesh. 相似文献
17.
18.
Takeshi Sekiya 《Education 3-13》2013,41(5):460-474
The Reconstructed Cohort Method is often used to examine the status of national education. However, this method does not account for individual details and we know little about the status of school enrolments by tracking individual students from entrance until dropout or graduation. This study employs the True Cohort Method to analyse data for 1377 children who entered in primary schools in the Republic of Honduras between 1986 and 1994. Findings indicate that children's patterns of enrolment fall into two categories: graduation without repetition and dropout after a short period of attendance. Policy implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
19.
新疆托克逊县博斯坦乡奥依曼卡热子和铁依甫阿吉卡热子两个自然村 1984年入学的 82个适龄儿童中 ,6 7人的受教育和就业情况实地跟踪调查表明 ,两个自然村适龄儿童的入学率、升学率都很高 ;师资力量在数量和质量上都在提高 ;但家庭经济基础薄弱 ;农村学校的经济基础和师资队伍目前还不具备搞现代化教学 ;相对于每年的高入学率、高升学率以及高毕业率而言 ,托克逊县能提供的就业机会非常有限。这些矛盾只能在经济的发展、教学体制的改革以及思想观念的转变中得到解决 相似文献
20.
Mikiko Nishimura Takashi Yamano Yuichi Sasaoka 《International Journal of Educational Development》2008
While some governments in Sub-Saharan Africa have abolished tuition to achieve universal primary education (UPE), few studies have examined the impacts of the UPE policy beyond school enrolment. This study estimates the impact of the UPE policy in Uganda on overall primary education attainments by using data including 940 rural households. We find that UPE has decreased delayed enrolments and increased grade completion rates up to the fifth grade and its effects are especially large among girls in poor households. Yet, schools in Uganda still face further challenges in terms of low internal efficiency and the unequal quality of education. 相似文献