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1.
Mike van Duuren Michael Scaife 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1996,11(4):365-376
Educational settings have seen an increased presence of intelligent artefacts. Objects such as computers and robots take up new positions along the animate-inanimate continuum due to their substantive “cognitive” and “sensori-motor” repertoires including for example an ability to engage with a diversity of problem-solving tasks and having a memory. In the present study we report children's understanding of a variety of stimulus objects with different anthropomorphic features, including a person, robot, computer and doll. Attributional judgements were elicited from 60 children aged 5–11 and a comparison group of adults. Children were asked for judgements (and justifications) whether the above objects were capable of realising a large number of items drawn from 6 major behavioural categories (e.g., involuntary activity). The data, show that the different objects did not generally elicit substantially different justification patterns. The exception to this is a clear developmental pattern in terms of an increased understanding of the nature of clever artefacts. Results are discussed in terms of different forms of causal reasoning and the specific nature of the act of programming in terms of a growing understanding of the behaviour of intelligent artefacts. 相似文献
2.
Generic statements (e.g., “Lions have manes”) make claims about kinds (e.g., lions as a category) and, for adults, are distinct from quantificational statements (e.g., “Most lions have manes”), which make claims about how many individuals have a given property. This article examined whether young children also understand that generics do not depend purely on quantitative information. Five‐year‐olds (n = 36) evaluated pairs of questions expressing properties that were matched in prevalence but varied in whether adults accept them as generically true (e.g., “Do lions have manes?” [true] vs. “Are lions boys?” [false]). Results demonstrated that children evaluate generics based on more than just quantitative information. Data suggest that even young children recognize that generics make claims about kinds. 相似文献
3.
Emily Foster-Hanson Andrei Cimpian Rachel A. Leshin Marjorie Rhodes 《Child development》2020,91(1):236-248
Describing behaviors as reflecting categories (e.g., asking children to “be helpers”) has been found to increase pro-social behavior. The present studies (N = 139, ages 4–5) tested whether such effects backfire if children experience setbacks while performing category-relevant actions. In Study 1, children were asked either to “be helpers” or “to help,” and then pretended to complete a series of successful scenarios (e.g., pouring milk) and unsuccessful scenarios (e.g., spilling milk while trying to pour). After the unsuccessful trials, children asked to “be helpers” had more negative attitudes. In Study 2, asking children to “be helpers” impeded children's helping behavior after they experienced difficulties while trying to help. Implications for how category labels shape beliefs and behavior are discussed. 相似文献
4.
How do children reason about academic performance across development? A classic view suggests children’s intuitive theories in this domain undergo qualitative changes. According to this view, older children and adults consider both effort and skill as sources of performance (i.e., a “performance = effort + skill” theory), but younger children can only consider effort (i.e., a “performance = effort” theory). Results from two studies (N = 240 children aged 4–9) contradict the claim of theory change, suggesting instead that children as young as 4 operate with an intuitive theory of academic performance that incorporates both effort and skill as explanatory concepts. This work reveals that children’s understanding of academic performance is more continuous across development than previously assumed. 相似文献
5.
Martin Zettersten Catherine Bredemann Megan Kaul Kaitlynn Ellis Haley A. Vlach Heather Kirkorian Gary Lupyan 《Child development》2024,95(2):497-514
The present study tested the hypothesis that verbal labels support category induction by providing compact hypotheses. Ninety-seven 4- to 6-year-old children (M = 63.2 months; 46 female, 51 male; 77% White, 8% more than one race, 4% Asian, and 3% Black; tested 2018) and 90 adults (M = 20.1 years; 70 female, 20 male) in the Midwestern United States learned novel categories with features that were easy (e.g., “red”) or difficult (e.g., “mauve”) to name. Adults (d = 1.06) and—to a lesser extent—children (d = 0.57; final training block) learned categories composed of more nameable features better. Children's knowledge of difficult-to-name color words predicted their learning for categories with difficult-to-name features. Rule-based category learning may be supported by the emerging ability to form verbal hypotheses. 相似文献
6.
V. K. Wadhawan 《Resonance》2007,12(7):61-78
Robots are a subset of “smart structures” — engineered constructs that can “think” and adapt to the environment. Robots can work even in environments not conducive to humans (e.g. areas with high levels of nuclear radiation). Intelligent robots will find a large range of applications in defence and nuclear industries, as also other scientific, technological, and commercial applications. Robotics is therefore a strategically important field of research. The question is: How smart or intelligent can the robots become? The answer is that perhaps there is no readily-conceivable upper limit. In fact, there is a strong section of opinion that, within the present century itself, robots will overtake humans in practically all aspects of mental and physical capability, and they will then evolve further at a rapid rate, with or without our help. Expert opinion is bound to be divided when we look too far into the future. Some scientists think that there is nothing much that we can do to control or prevent the inevitable and fast evolution of machine intelligence. 相似文献
7.
梦幻岛的永恒魅力—从《小飞侠彼得·潘》到《重返梦幻岛》 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
杨实诚 《昆明师范高等专科学校学报》2008,30(1):9-11
梦幻岛既是《小飞侠彼得·潘》和《重返梦幻岛》两书产生故事的前提,也是其精彩故事的重要组成部分。梦幻岛作为一个空间概念,它属于孩子的独立天地;作为一个时间概念,它属于儿童时代。梦幻岛是展现孩子梦幻最理想的环境,是孩子梦幻的象征,是孩子的欲望与渴求。梦幻岛属于儿童的梦幻,不管大人对孩子有没有过失,孩子对大人有没有误解,孩子在一定的年龄阶段,他们应该拥有自己心中小小的独立王国。梦幻岛正是在这一点上它受到一代代孩子的欢迎,也给成人留下欢乐童年的永远记忆。梦幻岛的魅力是永恒的。 相似文献
8.
Robert A. Reiser Naja Williamson Katsuaki Suzuki 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1988,36(1):15-21
How can adults who watch “Sesame Street” with children facilitate the children’s recognition of the letters and numbers presented on the show? In order to examine this question, each of 95 preschool children watched three specially edited versions of “Sesame Street” with an adult who either (a) asked the child questions and provided feedback, (b) only asked questions, (c) directed the child’s attention to the screen, or (d) simply watched the shows with the child. Those children in the Questions + Feedback condition and the Questions condition scored significantly higher on a delayed posttest than did children who just watched the shows with an adult. There were no other significant differences among the treatment conditions. Results indicate that adults can increase children’s recognition of letters and numbers presented on “Sesame Street” by asking the children to name the letters and numbers as they are presented. Other interpretations are also discussed. 相似文献
9.
Place value notation is essential to mathematics learning. This study examined young children's (4‐ to 6‐year‐olds, N = 172) understanding of place value prior to explicit schooling by asking them write spoken numbers (e.g., “six hundred and forty‐two”). Children's attempts often consisted of “expansions” in which the proper digits were written in order but with 0s or other insertions marking place (e.g., “600402” or “610042”). This partial knowledge increased with age. Gender differences were also observed with older boys more likely than older girls to produce the conventional form (e.g., 642). Potential experiences contributing to expanded number writing and the observed gender differences are discussed. 相似文献
10.
Megan H. Wickstrom 《Equity & Excellence in Education》2015,48(4):589-605
Creating equitable opportunities so all students can learn and succeed mathematically has been a key focus of mathematics education across several decades. Central to student achievement are students’ mathematical identity and their feelings of success during instruction. Researchers (e.g., Boaler & Staples, 2008) have shown that teachers can be particularly powerful in shaping students’ beliefs, feelings of success, and achievement, but few studies have investigated how teachers frame what it means to be successful or “smart” in mathematics. Through the social construct of smartness (Hatt, 2012) and the learning perspectives of incremental and entity theories (Blackwell, Trzesnieski, & Dweck, 2007; Yeager & Dweck, 2012), I examine how one teacher, Mrs. Purl, conceptualized what it meant to be smart in mathematics and how this perception changed slowly, over time, through repeated examination and discussion of individual student's thinking. As Mrs. Purl came to know her students at a personal level, she began to see that her perceptions were not always accurate and warranted reexamination. 相似文献
11.
Listening to children’s voices in educational research: some theoretical and methodological problems
Reidun Tangen 《欧洲特需教育杂志》2013,28(2):157-166
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in children’s experiences and perspectives of their own lives. This interest has been stimulated by legal and political initiatives (e.g., the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child), and by theoretical developments in education and social science disciplines. Children are no longer viewed primarily as “becomings”, but as “beings”, whose ideas, experiences, choices and relationships are interesting in their own right. Children, like adults, are “social agents”, who make sense of their experiences. This paper discusses the multi‐level approach metaphorically termed “listening to children’s voices”. First, there is the methodological level – i.e., how to listen. However, this paper does not go into detail regarding what kinds of methods are suitable for grasping the sense of children’s experiences. Second, studies of children’s (or adults’) experiences are underpinned by insider epistemology, the core of which is that insiders have a privileged access to knowledge of their own experiences. The question that will be addressed is what kind of knowledge is insider knowledge; two versions of insider epistemology are discussed in this paper. Third, the approach of listening to children is also underpinned by theory of the subject (or subjectivities). The paper briefly discusses five conceptions of the subject in terms of their possible implications for research on children’s experiences and perspectives. It is argued that even though some definitions of the subject are directly opposed to each other, it is possible to combine some perspectives. The relational conception of the subject, and the theory of interactionism developed by Brian Fay may be helpful for developing knowledge of lived experience, especially when individuals and groups being studied are seemingly very different from the researcher. It is concluded that an open (or weak) thesis of insider epistemology and a relational theory of the subject can offer a powerful theoretical foundation for research on experiences of children, especially of children whose voices are seldom heard. 相似文献
12.
Philippe Garnier Karine Martel Julie Dachez Pauline Audry Pascal Bourgoin Fleur Stawinski 《Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs》2023,23(3):163-174
Humanoid robots have shown to provide interesting perspectives for autistic children. Yet, few studies have looked at educators' point of view on the use of such robots in educational settings. This paper presents a case study of the use of a humanoid robot, NAO, in a French preschool class dedicated to autistic children. Our work focuses on the perspectives of the adults working with these children. We interviewed the professional staff about changes in their teaching due to the presence of the robot, about the effects on the pupils' behaviour, and about the collaboration between the special needs teacher, the special needs support worker and the operational specialist from the digital education department of the district academic head office. Four themes were identified: joint reflection and collaboration when working with NAO, working with NAO, impact of NAO on pupils, impact of NAO on adults. The professionals underscored the necessity of adopting certain attitudes, in particular, the most neutral facial expression possible, so as not to disturb the children's learning process. They were under the impression that the robot had a beneficial effect on the pupils in terms of learning and social skills, and that it facilitated collaboration among them. 相似文献
13.
王幡 《衡阳师范学院学报》2014,(1):148-153
近代以来,日本的保育事业逐步发展,保育思想也不断发展。今天其《幼儿园教育要领》和《保育所保育指针》的基本思想,就是重视孩子自身的各种感受,重视孩子的嬉戏和生活体验。从"健康"、"人际关系"、"环境"、"语言"和"表现"五个领域规定了比较具体的目标和内容,以确保孩子在各个方面都能够"体验"、"感受"和"享受"各种各样的事情。嬉戏作为孩子的自发的活动,是培养其身心协调发展的基础的重要的学习。日本学前教育机构的工作就是从五个领域指导孩子通过嬉戏和生活体验逐步形成生存的基础,逐步为生存能力的形成奠定基础。 相似文献
14.
Starting school is a critical event in a child’s life and successful transitions to school have been posited as key indicators for future academic achievement. For children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the process is complicated by difficulties in social communication and social interaction. Parents of children with ASD can experience their child’s transition to school as a stressful and challenging time. In this study a qualitative methodology, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), was used to elicit the experiences and perceptions of six parents whose children with ASD were starting school in Ireland. Semi-structured interviews were carried out and a cross-case analysis was conducted. Three common overarching themes were identified which reflected participants’ experiences of the transition process; these were (a) “I think they need to believe, believe what we’re telling them”, (b) “Experience of ASD/it’s a very labelling thing”, and (c) “Preparing for school and feelings about the future”. Implications from the research are discussed with reference to the role of the educational psychologist (EP) in supporting parents of children with ASD in the transition process. 相似文献
15.
Three- to 5-year-old (N = 61) religiously schooled preschoolers received theory-of-mind (ToM) tasks about the mental states of ordinary humans and agents with exceptional perceptual or mental capacities. Consistent with an anthropomorphism hypothesis, children beginning to appreciate limitations of human minds (e.g., ignorance) attributed those limits to God. Only 5-year-olds differentiated between humans' fallible minds and God's less fallible mind. Unlike secularly schooled children, religiously schooled 4-year-olds did appreciate another agent's less fallible mental abilities when instructed and reminded about those abilities. Among children who understood ordinary humans' mental fallibilities, knowledge of God predicted attributions of correct epistemic states to extraordinary agents. Results suggest that, at a certain point in ToM development, sociocultural input can facilitate an appreciation for extraordinary minds. 相似文献
16.
C. C. Wharram 《Educational theory》2014,64(5):515-532
In this essay C. C. Wharram argues that Terence's concept of translation as a form of “contamination” anticipates recent developments in philosophy, ecology, and translation studies. Placing these divergent fields of inquiry into dialogue enables us read Terence's well‐known statement “I am a human being — I deem nothing human alien to me” as a recognition of the significance of the “nothing human” for contemporary humanism. By recasting Terence's human/foreign pairing through Freud's concept of the uncanny, Wharram draws a parallel between a “nothing human” that is radically interior to the human subject and an exterior agency of “nothing human” described by actor‐network theory and object‐oriented ontology. Only through an “alien phenomenology” (a concept borrowed from Ian Bogost) dependent on metaphors and translations that are necessarily approximate (or “contaminated”) can we begin to approach this “nothing human.” 相似文献
17.
《Early childhood research quarterly》1987,2(3):211-225
Since individuals construct educational policies and practices according to their beliefs, the conceptual systems of proponents and opponents of hot-housing must be considered. Such systems can be based either on “closed beliefs” or data. Such consideration may provide an answer to the question, “Does hothousing rob children of their childhood?” Belief systems are built with the constructs of belief, intention, attitude, and value concepts. Beliefs of parents develop from both broad socio-historical views and from the parents' personal histories. If parents and educators form beliefs about hothousing which ignore relevant data, they may educate in a manner which increases “achievement anxiety,” and makes children feel they have value only when they are “producing.” As an alternative, children should be offered learning activities which provide opportunities for intellectual exploration and flexibility. 相似文献
18.
Megan von Spreckelsen Emma Dove Ilse Coolen Annelot Mills Ann Dowker Kathy Sylva Daniel Ansari Rebecca Merkley Victoria Murphy Gaia Scerif 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2019,13(4):326-340
Developmental cognitive neuroscience highlights the importance of interactions between children and their environment. As young children spend increasing time in childcare, it is key to investigate the impact of “maths‐talk” and maths provisions in preschools. Qualitative insights from early educators indicate a greater bias toward counting activities than would be expected given the Early Years curriculum. In addition, we quantified the observed breadth of preschool practitioners' maths language (e.g., place‐value language), setting‐based maths provisions (e.g., quality of maths‐related activities), and their relation with children's early numeracy skills. In settings with greater practitioners' breadth of maths language, children display greater cardinality skills although our data call for the further investigation of parental socioeconomic status and education. We conclude with a discussion on the need to operationalize children's maths learning environments as diversely as possible. Enriching practitioners' skill sets may be an effective and needed way of improving early maths outcomes. 相似文献
19.
Since robots are becoming involved in children's lives, it is urgent to determine how children perceive robots. The present study assessed whether Japanese 5-year-olds care about their reputation when interacting with a social robot. Children were given stickers and asked to divide them between themselves and an absent recipient. Results revealed that children (N = 112, 55 boys, 57 girls) strategically shared more stickers when being watched by a social interactive robot than by an attentional but non-interactive robot or a still robot. Additionally, children (N = 36, 18 boys, 18 girls) attributed higher psychological properties to social robots. This study is the first to show that 5-year-olds care about their reputations from social robots. 相似文献
20.
Peter R. Hybert 《Performance Improvement》2009,48(3):5-6
This commentary advocates “keeping the H” in “human performance technology” to help make it clear to nonpractitioners what human performance consultants do. There are different types of performance (e.g., financial performance) and different means of achieving performance (e.g., engineering) that are outside the average human performance technologist's repertoire. Though the human performance technologist should target business results and intervene at more than just the individual level, ultimately, their emphasis is improving human work. 相似文献