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1.
Stephen C. Hines Laurie Badzek Alvin H. Moss 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2013,41(3):151-169
Physicians are legally and ethically required to obtain informed consent from patients prior to providing medical care. However, the chronically ill elderly may poorly understand the facts that are needed for them to make informed choices, and they also may wish to avoid discussing potentially discouraging information. Interviews of 142 elderly hemodialysis patients were conducted to determine whether informed consent for performing dialysis had been obtained and to explore potential causes of inadequate informed consent. As predicted, most patients lacked information needed to render fully informed consent. However, when we examined potential causes for the very low levels of knowledge reported by patients, we found that patients’ education level, cognitive capacity, and willingness to discuss medical contingencies were stronger predictors of informed consent than were the communicative practices of doctors. Neither doctors’ willingness to promptly disclose the need for dialysis nor their willingness to discuss forgoing dialysis were related to any of the patient characteristics. Results suggest that obtaining fully informed consent for chronically ill elderly requires both a modification of doctors’ communication practices and greater adaptation to the cognitive capacity, education, and communication practices of the patient. 相似文献
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知情同意是保护患者和医学实验中人体受试者权利的重要手段.自20世纪中期以来,越来越多的国家开始重视在医学治疗中实行知情同意的制度.如何在医学出版中做到知情同意,最大限度地保护患者或人体受试者的权利,是医学出版界的重要课题. 相似文献
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[目的/意义] 以社交媒体用户为研究对象,调查他们对于自身的社交媒体数据被采集用于研究的接受意向,并探索熟悉度、信任、利他主义对接受意向的影响,剖析知情同意程序的必要性,同时提醒学者进行伦理反思,为建立社交媒体数据研究伦理规范和与用户开展伦理风险沟通提供参考。[方法/过程] 建立用户从知情到同意的心理机制模型,采用问卷调查法收集来自新浪微博用户的数据,共获得320份有效问卷,并对模型进行验证。[结果/结论] 验证出两条有效的心理路径：熟悉-利他主义-接受意向和熟悉-信任-利他主义-接受意向。发现熟悉度和利他主义是影响用户接受意向的重要因素。在社交媒体数据研究中,用户有较强的伦理需求,知情同意程序很有必要。研究者还可以主动表达尊重及认可,以提升用户的利他主义,提升用户的接受意向,规避研究过程中的伦理争议。 相似文献
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《The Reference Librarian》2013,54(38):109-114
In the automation process, it is very important to keep the human factor before you at all times. People who are computer-shy need to be informed, and kept informed, about each step the library takes on the road to automation. It is vital not only to communicate often with the staff as each goal is reached, but to keep the public informed as well. Patrons who know what to expect from the system chosen will be able to use the system to their advantage. There are various steps that can be taken to alleviate fear and uncertainty of the future. 相似文献
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[目的/意义]社交媒体数据已经成为目前学术研究中重要的数据来源。但学者在采集、利用社交媒体数据过程中往往忽略其中存在的伦理风险。本研究从伦理视角剖析社交媒体数据类研究,提醒研究者们更好地理解此类研究面临的研究方法和伦理方面的挑战。[方法/过程]本文以新浪微博为研究对象,从四个角度对微博数据研究进行伦理反思,研究者缺乏伦理意识;公私数据界定不清;知情同意机制缺失;数据使用规范性有待加强。[结果/结论]伦理规范即通过有效的规制,保证研究的所有环节都处于伦理的规范空间内,微博蕴含丰富的个人数据,并且微博数据研究的发展演化也对伦理规范有强大需求。本研究认为,应建立数据教育体系,提升"数据伦理"意识;研究者不能假设用户同意;探索科学的知情同意机制;鼓励跨领域合作,平衡创新与风险。 相似文献
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企业数字图书馆信息资源的建设及服务 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
论文通过对数字图书馆的理解分析，探索企业数字图书馆的发展思路，对搞好企业数字图书馆信息资源的建设，利用个性化信息环境开展网络服务，提高企业数字图书馆文献信息资源的利用率展开研究和讨论。 相似文献
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为提高医学期刊编辑的伦理审查意识，文章总结了医学期刊编辑在论文审查中常见的伦理学问题:临床研究型论文是否经过伦理委员会批准、患者知情同意，是否遵守隐私保护、保密原则及对照原则等；动物实验研究型论文能否遵守3R（替代、减少、优化）原则，保障动物福利，尽量减少实验动物的痛苦和死亡。提出以下对策:规范稿约中伦理审查相关规定，重视医学伦理学知识的普及和提高，充分发挥伦理学审稿专家的作用，与科研机构伦理委员会保持紧密联系。 相似文献
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News stories about protests are often accompanied by footage or photos depicting dramatic or violent acts that occur during the protest, even though such acts may be rare or insignificant. Although the assumption is that visual depiction of normative deviance draws the attention of audience members, thus facilitating learning about the social issue, extant research does not suggest this will always be the case. The current study found that greater informational utility, not photographic depiction of deviance, increased selective exposure to a protest story in a Web news environment. However, when the protesters were depicted as more, rather than less, deviant, participants reported less positive perceptions of the protesters. In turn, less positive perceptions of the protesters were associated with less attention to and, ultimately, lower comprehension of the accompanying news story. Implications for learning about political and social issues in the current news environment are discussed. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTThis study examined how work–family conflict (WFC) is associated with mechanisms of relational turbulence, conflict tactics, and marital satisfaction. Six hundred and thirty-three married workers completed an online survey. Family interference with work and spouses’ work interfering with one’s family predicted greater relational uncertainty and interference from partners, whereas one’s own work interfering with family did not predict these mechanisms of turbulence. All three sources of relational uncertainty, and interference from partners, predicted increased avoidance and distributive tactic use. Facilitation from partners predicted increased use of integrative tactics. Finally, relational uncertainty, interference from partners, and distributive conflict tactics partially mediated the associations of WFC with marital satisfaction. 相似文献
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Michael W. Kramer Rebecca J. Meisenbach Glenn J. Hansen 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2013,41(1):18-39
Approximately 25% of Americans volunteer annually (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011). As organizational members, they face uncertainty concerning their roles, their relationships, and their organizations (Kramer, 2004). Volunteers likely face different uncertainty management issues than employees who have been the focus of most previous research. Volunteers have a different psychological contract and different motivations than employees (Rousseau, 1990). This study examined issues of uncertainty management of volunteer members in a particular setting, a community choir. In particular, it found that supervisor and peer communication and other internal factors, such as more preparation time and less difficult tasks, were associated with higher levels of certainty for members of a community choir. In addition, higher levels of certainty and additional external factors such as family support for participation and lack of conflicts were associated with higher levels of satisfaction and identification and a greater willingness to recruit for the organization. Results have implications for improving communication to increase volunteers' certainty and increasing their voluntary participation in organizations. 相似文献
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《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2007,35(4):376-398
An estimated 27,000-60,000 patients died while taking Merck's drug Vioxx between 2000 and 2004. This essay uses Deetz's treatment of systematically distorted communication and Nilsen's significant choice to analyze Merck's communication about the drug. The company claimed publicly to be forthright about Vioxx's safety. The article shows, however, that Merck systematically distorted communication through neutralization, topical avoidance, and disqualification in ways that thwarted physicians' and patients' abilities to make an informed choice about Vioxx. The analysis shows that Merck employees' consent to economic priorities framed these communication practices as legitimate and rational within the organization. The same practices, however, appeared socially irresponsible to members of the scientific community outside the company. In contrast to Merck's practices, the essay offers more participatory communication applications that uphold companies' moral obligation to their stakeholders. 相似文献
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参照GB 3100～ 3102-1993《量和单位》和关于计算机流程图的相关规范,分析科技期刊中计算机流程图表达中存在的问题,且给出规范的表达形式.认为:流程图中,开始与结束标志符号用椭圆框表示,数据输入和输出标志符号用平行四边形框表示,判定标志符号用菱形框表示,活动标志符号用矩形框表示;判定的2种选择可用"是"或"否","Y"或"N","Yes"或"No"表示,建议全期期刊表达一致,首选"Y"或"N"表示;图形中的文字、变量符号、体例、格式可参考GB 3100～3102-1993等相关标准进行规范. 相似文献
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《Journalism Practice》2013,7(3):257-271
This study used a controlled experiment to examine the ethical decision-making of 99 professional journalists in the United States to see if they held different attitudes, made different decisions, and used different levels of moral judgment when stories involved children than when they involved adults. It found that these journalists were significantly more concerned with protecting children's privacy, keeping them from harm, and ensuring informed consent than they were for adults. But they did not use significantly higher levels of moral judgment for children than adults, nor did they withhold children's photographs significantly more often than adults'. The journalists in this study believed they were protecting children from harm but did not carry through with those beliefs. It is important that the news media treat children well because having children's voices in news stories is vital to understanding their worlds and reporting on injustices against them. 相似文献
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《Library & information science research》2000,22(1):61-76
Methods commonly used in public library research such as interviews and questionnaires are not suitable for use with young children whose oral and written language skills are not well developed. Effective alternatives may be found in methods associated with ethnographic field observation. Using examples from an ethnographic study of public library use by 30 preschool girls, this article describes three methods appropriate for studying the information-seeking behavior and library use of preschool children: audio-recording of naturally occurring talk, participant observation, and key informant diaries. Selected issues important for ethnographic field research with young children are discussed, including gaining access and informed consent, observer effect, and young children's understanding of research. Relying on data arising from the naturally occurring talk and actions of the children, it is argued that these methods are unique in reflecting the perspective of the children themselves. 相似文献
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Multilingual retrieval (querying of multiple document collections each in a different language) can be achieved by combining several individual techniques which enhance retrieval: machine translation to cross the language barrier, relevance feedback to add words to the initial query, decompounding for languages with complex term structure, and data fusion to combine monolingual retrieval results from different languages. Using the CLEF 2001 and CLEF 2002 topics and document collections, this paper evaluates these techniques within the context of a monolingual document ranking formula based upon logistic regression. Each individual technique yields improved performance over runs which do not utilize that technique. Moreover the techniques are complementary, in that combining the best techniques outperforms individual technique performance. An approximate but fast document translation using bilingual wordlists created from machine translation systems is presented and evaluated. The fast document translation is as effective as query translation in multilingual retrieval. Furthermore, when fast document translation is combined with query translation in multilingual retrieval, the performance is significantly better than that of query translation or fast document translation. 相似文献
18.
L. P. Pasichnik 《Scientific and Technical Information Processing》2012,39(1):60-65
This paper characterizes a type of normative standardization document, viz., technical conditions (TCs). The properties of
development, registration, and bibliographic accounting of these documents in Ukraine are elucidated. The question of the
uncertainty of the status of such documents in Ukraine and the Russian Federation is raised. Problems are revealed that must
receive attention in the process of creating and using TCs in both countries. 相似文献
19.
Kate Lockwood Harris 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2018,46(2):155-178
For decades, feminists have intervened in a sexually violent culture. Many public health professionals, educators, and activists who design these interventions have called for complex conceptualizations of communication, yet communication studies scholars have not written extensively on consent. Moreover, researchers outside the field rarely rely on insights from the discipline. Accordingly, I offer a critical review of consent activism and research, and I highlight disciplinary assumptions that could enhance existing knowledge. I argue that many feminist academic/activist interventions use false ideas about communication, what I call communication myths: discourse merely reflects reality, and local discourse is disconnected from larger social Discourse. I show how these communication myths resonate with rape-supportive arguments. By suggesting communication should be unambiguous during consent, anti-violence educators/activists lower the standard for communicative competence, disconnect it from historical-cultural context, and miss opportunities to politicize consent. I argue feminists can challenge communication myths to build on existing interventions while more fully dismantling rape culture. 相似文献
20.
Alexander Lyon 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2013,41(4):376-398
An estimated 27,000–60,000 patients died while taking Merck's drug Vioxx between 2000 and 2004. This essay uses Deetz's treatment of systematically distorted communication and Nilsen's significant choice to analyze Merck's communication about the drug. The company claimed publicly to be forthright about Vioxx's safety. The article shows, however, that Merck systematically distorted communication through neutralization, topical avoidance, and disqualification in ways that thwarted physicians’ and patients’ abilities to make an informed choice about Vioxx. The analysis shows that Merck employees’ consent to economic priorities framed these communication practices as legitimate and rational within the organization. The same practices, however, appeared socially irresponsible to members of the scientific community outside the company. In contrast to Merck's practices, the essay offers more participatory communication applications that uphold companies’ moral obligation to their stakeholders. 相似文献