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1.
There is considerable variation between male and female Bachelor degree performance at Oxford and Cambridge (Oxbridge) where male students attain more First and Third Class degrees and female students attain more Second Class degrees. Various hypotheses have been put forward to explain this phenomenon including the possibility that the distinctive Oxbridge assessment environment, very different from those at both pre‐ and post‐92 universities, might account for the difference. Data from the Assessment Experience Questionnaire (AEQ; Oxbridge, pre‐ and post‐92 universities, one science, one humanities and one applied social science subject from each) were analysed to determine gendered perceptions of the assessment environment. Significant gender differences were found on five AEQ scales (Quantity of effort, Coverage of syllabus, Quantity and quality of feedback, Use of feedback and Appropriate assessment) but there was no significant interaction between gender and university. Consequently, there were few clues in students' responses to confirm that the Oxbridge assessment environment explains gendered differences in degree performance. 相似文献
2.
This article examines the processes influencing the choice of non‐traditional subjects by girls in lower secondary education in the Republic of Ireland. In particular, we focus on the traditionally ‘male’ craft technological subjects, namely Materials Technology (Wood), Metalwork and Technical Graphics. Analyses are based on detailed case studies of 12 secondary schools, placing them in the context of national patterns of subject take‐up. Strong gender differentiation persists in the take‐up of these technological subjects. Commonalities are evident across schools in the way in which the subjects are constructed as ‘male’. However, some students, both female and male, actively contest these labels, and school policy and practice regarding subject provision and choice can make a difference to take‐up patterns. It is argued that the persistent gendering of subjects has implications for the skills acquired by students, their engagement in education, and the education, training and career opportunities open to them on leaving school. 相似文献
3.
Rankings of school subject preferences were obtained from 321 male and 327 female pupils aged 11‐12 years, and 245 male and 240 female pupils aged 15‐16 years, from both single sex and co‐educational secondary schools. Overall rank orders showed an effect of school type for younger pupils only, in which evidence for less gender stereotyping of school subjects in single sex schools was found. The rankings of the older pupils, while not affected by school type, did show a clear effect of gender, with higher rankings being given to mathematics, science and physical education by boys and to art by girls. 相似文献
4.
Contemporary educational accountability systems, including state‐level systems prescribed under No Child Left Behind as well as those envisioned under the “Race to the Top” comprehensive assessment competition, rely on school‐level summaries of student test scores. The precision of these score summaries is almost always evaluated using models that ignore the classroom‐level clustering of students within schools. This paper reports balanced and unbalanced generalizability analyses investigating the consequences of ignoring variation at the level of classrooms within schools when analyzing the reliability of such school‐level accountability measures. Results show that the reliability of school means cannot be determined accurately when classroom‐level effects are ignored. Failure to take between‐classroom variance into account biases generalizability (G) coefficient estimates downward and standard errors (SEs) upward if classroom‐level effects are regarded as fixed, and biases G‐coefficient estimates upward and SEs downward if they are regarded as random. These biases become more severe as the difference between the school‐level intraclass correlation (ICC) and the class‐level ICC increases. School‐accountability systems should be designed so that classroom (or teacher) level variation can be taken into consideration when quantifying the precision of school rankings, and statistical models for school mean score reliability should incorporate this information. 相似文献
5.
ABSTRACT This paper examines the impacts of co-residence (admitting women to men’s colleges and men to women’s colleges) at the University of Oxford beginning in the 1970s. Co-residence increased the representation of women undergraduates at Oxford to near parity with men; the representation of women in academic positions rose but not as substantially as that of women undergraduates and postgraduates and today women comprise still only a third of academics in the colleges of the university; the fellowships of the former female colleges became genuinely mixed, the fellowships of the former male colleges more slowly; women are less likely to be appointed head of a former men’s college than are men to be appointed head of a former women’s college; the quality of Oxford undergraduates rose with the increased number of female undergraduates; and the quality of undergraduates in the former male colleges rose at the expense of the female colleges. 相似文献
6.
Kit Thomas 《Changing English: An International Journal of English Teaching》2006,13(1):137-150
This article arises from an ethnographic study of men training to become secondary English teachers on two university PGCE courses. The socialisation of male trainee teachers has been researched in the areas of early years and primary schools but has been overlooked hitherto in the secondary sector in spite of the feminisation of English being widely perceived. More women than men teach English in secondary schools, so initial training takes place in predominantly female English departments. The implications for female mentors, who are largely responsible for the school‐based training and assessment of the male trainees, are explored alongside the role played by a minority of male teachers in English departments. The experience of training forces the men to reconsider their masculinities and to renegotiate their relationships with colleagues, pupils and the subject of English. 相似文献
7.
Bob Garvey 《Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning》2013,21(1):41-54
This study examined mentoring and organizational socialization among law faculty at American Bar Association (ABA) approved law schools. Data obtained from respondents (n = 298) captured the types of mentoring (formal or informal) occurring in law schools and faculty perceptions of the effectiveness of each type of mentoring. Comparative analysis was used to examine mentoring as an antecedent of organizational socialization by comparing senior mentored faculty to senior non‐mentored faculty, junior formally mentored faculty to junior faculty with more informal types of mentoring, male to female faculty, and majority to non‐majority faculty. Results indicated that senior mentored faculty had higher mean scores than senior non‐mentored faculty on two of the six organizational socialization subscales. However, organizational socialization differences were not significant for other comparisons. The findings regarding mentoring are discussed within the context of diversity and suggestions for future research are provided. 相似文献
8.
James Mackay 《Gender and education》2010,22(1):87-103
This article considers the relationship between gender and self‐efficacy in teacher trainees engaged in an electricity‐related design and construction task. Quantitative data (examination scores, task assessment, and questionnaire) and qualitative data (interviews and written student reflections) were collected. There is a gender bias in student teachers entering the University with more male than female students having done Science to grade 12 level. In addition, the continuing differential in standards of education in South African schools necessitated distinguishing those who had attended educationally advantaged from those who had attended educationally disadvantaged schools. In the examination, a test of theoretical knowledge, male students in each group outperformed female students. This we explain in terms of school background, gender responses from family members who regarded Science as a male domain, and the resulting lower self‐efficacy of female students. However, female students achieved as well as male students in the design and construction task. We argue that although males had better self‐efficacy levels than females at the outset, the hands‐on, individual nature of a task in a domain usually constructed as male led to female students developing increased levels of self‐efficacy, which ensured task performance matching that of the more knowledgeable male students. 相似文献
9.
Jan N. Streumer B. Gerard Doornekamp 《Research in Science & Technological Education》2013,31(2):191-205
The Technology Assessment Study was aimed at describing the achievement of 14/15‐year‐old pupils who either did or did not take technology, with reference to the objectives for the subject technology, as stated in the (revised) Curriculum Guideline for Technology of the Foundation for Curriculum Development (SLO). The pupils’ achievement has been, among other things, assessed by means of a written test (the Technology Achievement Test) developed by the project team. This test was administered to 1805 pupils in 86 schools covering various types of secondary education. For the condition ‘technology’ the highest mean total score belongs to pupils of schools for junior technical training, immediately followed by pupils of schools for junior agricultural training and middle schools. This study shows that the boys’ mean total score is significantly higher than that of the girls. Furthermore, it becomes evident that no relationship exists between either father's level of education or profession and the children's test scores. 相似文献
10.
目的：了解中学生理想和拖延行为的现状,探讨中学生理想和拖延行为的关系.方法：采取分层整群抽样方法抽取1048名中学生,用中学生理想问卷和Aitken拖延问卷（API）进行调查,运用Spss17.0对调查数据进行统计分析.结果：中学生在自我理想、社会理想、生活理想维度及理想总分上存在着显著的性别差异,且女生的水平高于男生.而在拖延总分和理想的学业维度、职业维度和道德维度上没有显著的的性别差异.在理想各维度和拖延总分上均有一般中学学生高于二类重点中学学生.且在学业理想和理想总分上一类重点中学也高于二类重点中学学生.中学生理想各维度与拖延行为存在显著正相关.结论：中学生理想和拖延行为存在显著正相关,在性别和学校层次上也存在着显著差异.学业理想和职业理想对拖延行为有显著的正向预测作用. 相似文献
11.
以总体幸福感量表（GWB）为研究工具,选取536名江西省农村中小学教师为研究对象。结果显示,大部分教师的总体主观幸福感处于中等水平,广大教师对其目前的生活质量持较为满意的态度;不同性别、不同学校类型教师的主观幸福感在总体上没有差异;总体上,已婚教师的幸福感水平高于未婚和离异教师的幸福感水平;月薪收入在1000~1500元之间的教师的总体幸福感最高;身体状况越好的教师主观幸福感水平越高。 相似文献
12.
杜丽娟 《新乡师范高等专科学校学报》2007,21(3):138-140
目的了解中小学教师心理健康状况。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对424名中小学教师进行调查分析。结果中小学教师的各因子分及阳性项目数均高于常模,其中在人际关系因子上存在显著差异(P<0.05),其余都呈现极显著差异(P<0.001);中小学女教师SCL-90测验分值均高于男教师,在抑郁因子得分和阳性项目数上存在显著差异(P<0.05),在恐怖因子得分上差异较为明显(P<0.01),其余无显著差异(P>0.05〕;边远地区、城市、县镇农村中小学教师的测验分值依次增高,城市和边远地区中小学教师除焦虑、精神病性因子及阳性项目数有显著差异外(P<0.05),其余差异均不显著(P>0.05),县镇农村较城市、边远地区中小学教师的测验分值高出明显,强迫、人际关系、抑郁、精神病性因子差异极其显著(P<0.001),县镇农村和边远地区中小学教师的焦虑、恐怖因子差异也极为显著(P<0.001)。结论中小学教师心理健康整体状况不佳,女性心理健康状况较男性稍差,城乡差别对中小学教师心理健康状况有显著影响。 相似文献
13.
Farideh Salili 《教育心理学》1996,16(3):271-279
This study investigated age, sex and cultural differences in achievement motivation. Subjects were a total of 764 male and female British high school and Chinese students aged 13‐55. The thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was administered to measure need for achievement (nAch). Results revealed that Chinese high school students had significantly higher nAch scores than their British counterparts. They also had significantly higher scores than the two older groups of Chinese students. Female subjects of both cultures had higher scores than males, although this difference was significant for British female subjects only. The results were discussed in terms of sociocultural and situational factors. 相似文献
14.
John F. Bell 《Educational studies》1989,15(2):193-203
A naive analysis of the science performance of pupils attending single‐sex and mixed schools shows that, on average, pupils attending the former achieved higher scores. However, since many of the pupils in single‐sex schools attend either independent or grammar schools, the performance difference may have little to do with the attendance at single‐sex schools but more to do with the preselection by ability of pupils in these schools. When comprehensives only are considered, there are no statistically significant differences in the mean performance on the APU tests between single‐sex and mixed schools for either boys or girls. Also there is no evidence that there was a large increase in the take‐up of science subjects for girls attending single‐sex schools. The paper describes why it is not sensible to attribute differences directly to the separation of pupils in schools by sex. 相似文献
15.
Jesse Wilkins George Graham Suzanne Parker Sarah Westfall Robert Fraser Mark Tembo 《课程研究杂志》2013,45(6):721-734
With the increase in state‐mandated high‐stakes testing across the USA, schools and school districts are considering ways of increasing instructional time for core curricular subjects such as mathematics, science, English, and social studies. One seemingly logical approach to improving test scores is to reduce the time spent in subjects that are not tested, most notably art, music, and physical education, thus increasing time for the tested subjects. In this study, data was collected from 547 Virginia elementary school principals who completed a survey indicating the time specialists taught art, music, and physical education in their schools. After controlling for socio‐cultural opportunities associated with the school community, partial correlations between time allocation and school‐level passing rates on the Virginia Standards of Learning tests indicated no meaningful relationship between time allocation to art, music, and physical education and school achievement. The findings from the study do not support the notion that a reduced time allocation to art, music, and physical education is related to higher test scores. 相似文献
16.
Predicting Freshman Grade‐Point Average from Test Scores: Effects of Variation Within and Between High Schools 
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下载免费PDF全文 Most studies predicting college performance from high‐school grade point average (HSGPA) and college admissions test scores use single‐level regression models that conflate relationships within and between high schools. Because grading standards vary among high schools, these relationships are likely to differ within and between schools. We used two‐level regression models to predict freshman grade point average from HSGPA and scores on both college admissions and state tests. When HSGPA and scores are considered together, HSGPA predicts more strongly within high schools than between, as expected in the light of variations in grading standards. In contrast, test scores, particularly mathematics scores, predict more strongly between schools than within. Within‐school variation in mathematics scores has no net predictive value, but between‐school variation is substantially predictive. Whereas other studies have shown that adding test scores to HSGPA yields only a minor improvement in aggregate prediction, our findings suggest that a potentially more important effect of admissions tests is statistical moderation, that is, partially offsetting differences in grading standards across high schools. 相似文献
17.
A questionnaire was administered to 1,929 applicants to Oxford University, including measures of trait anxiety, behavioural
response to examinations and to breakdown in relationships. 635 of these applicants were admitted to the university and of
these, 383 also responded to a questionnaire administered 4 years later, just before their final examinations. The classification
(first, upper and lower second, third class) and marks in the final examinations were obtained and the relationship between
the personality measures and academic performance were calculated. Women showed higher anxiety scores than men at both times
of testing. Women who obtained the best (first class) degrees scored significantly higher on anxiety than those who performed
less well. In contrast, there was no such difference in men. Explanations for anxiety having a facilitatory effect on academic
performance of women at Oxford University are proposed. 相似文献
18.
Anna Maria Piussi 《Gender and education》1990,2(1):81-90
The equality‐difference antinomy found in pedagogy today cannot be resolved within the neuter/masculine logic of pedagogic discourse and political theories of education, if by difference we mean sexual difference. This antinomy will be resolved by the historical realisation of a ‘sexualised’ order, that is, by splitting into two the subject that possesses and transmits knowledge, that educates and theorises on education (bi‐sexualisation of the pedagogic logos). The pedagogic ideal of universality can take on substance only if it becomes twofold. Societies in which emancipation and equal opportunities policies are highly developed allow the fulfilment of women as (neuter?) human beings, but they minimise or cancel the fact that these beings belong to the female gender. It is time we freed ourselves from subjection to the male subject's educational theories and practices, which refer back to a patriarchal genealogy centred on the father‐son couple, and that take and rely on women as the sources of authority for our educational activity and for our work of conceptualising the principles and forms of this activity. We should (re)construct a female genealogy centred on the symbolic mother‐daughter couple, which has been cancelled by patriarchal culture. We need a female gender ‘transcendence’, so that the measure of our improvement as human beings will not be the male, but a female source of values. 相似文献
19.
The typical modern examination involves the production of written answers to printed questions in a secluded physical location. In 16th century England university examinations were conducted in public, orally and in Latin, with the participation of the academic community. The paper gives an account of the shift from oral to written examinations at Oxford and Cambridge in the 18th and 19th centuries. Cambridge took the lead in this shift, largely because of the domination of its curriculum by Newtonian mathematics. Practice in Oxford began to converge in the 19th century, but oral testing was retained into the 20th century. Four factors are identified as crucial in the oral/written shift: the move from group socio-moral to individual cognitive assessment in the later 18th century; the differential difficulty of oral testing in different subjects; the impact of increased student numbers; the internal politics of Oxford and Cambridge. 相似文献
20.
非参数项目反应理论模型包括单调均匀性模型和双单调模型。用单调均匀性模型对某英语听力考试结果研究发现,按照顺序选择法,可从16道听力试题中选出11道满足要求的试题,组成单维量表。用考生在这11道试题上的总得分对考生进行排序与按照潜质排序等效。利用双单调模型对11道听力试题组成的单维量表进行试题功能偏差研究发现,有5道试题在女生子群体中的排序与在男生子群体以及整个群体排序不同,显示女生子群体作出正确应答的概率明显高于男生子群体作出正确应答的概率。这种差异至少部分是由两个子群体听力能力上的差异引起的。 相似文献