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John R. Staver 《科学教学研究杂志》1986,23(6):533-542
This study was designed to investigate the effects of problem format and the number of independent variables in the problem on the responses of students to a control of variables reasoning task. The Bending Rods problem was used. A four times two factorial research design with four levels (2-, 3-, 4-, 5-variables) of the number of independent variables and two formats (essay and multiple choice) was set up for the investigation. 548 eighth graders in 24 science classes in a suburban public school district northwest of Chicago participated in the study. Students were administered the Bending Rods problem in groups in their science classes. Each classroom was randomly assigned to a cell in the research design. Initial analysis of the data indicated four separate levels (2-, 3-, 4-, 5-variables) of the independent variable number of independent variables in the problem' were unnecessary. The 2- and 3-variable levels were pooled as were the 4- and 5-variable levels to give two distinct levels of this variable. Analysis of variance indicated that: (1) task format had no effect on subject's scores; but (2) the differences between subjects' mean scores on the 2-, 3-variable essay versions and the 4-, 5-variable essay versions are significantly greater than the mean scores of corresponding multiple choice versions of the task, which exhibit rather uniform scores; and (3) the 2-, 3-variable forms together were significantly less difficult for students than were the 4-, 5-variable forms together. Discussion focuses on interpretations that include: (1) task demands on working memory; (2) Pascual-Leone's M-energy; and (3) the use of testwiseness strategies in solving essay and multiple choice tasks, respectively. Implications for science teachers are set forth in view of these discussion points and their relevance to test construction and classroom assessment of learning objectives in science. 相似文献
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John R. Staver 《科学教学研究杂志》1984,21(5):517-526
Excessive time and training demands have rendered Piaget's clinical method of reasoning assessment impractical for researchers and science teachers who work with large numbers of students. The published literature 1 See: Lawson, A. E. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 1978, 15 (1), 11-24; Shayer, M., Adey, P., & Wylam, H. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 1981, 18 (2), 157-168; Staver, J. R., & Gabel, D. L. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 1979, 16 (6), 534-544; Tobin, K. G., & Capie, W. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1981, 41 (2), 413-424. indicates that reliable, valid alternatives to clinical assessment are feasible. However, the overestimate/underestimate of reasoning for different methods and formats remains unresolved through research. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various methods and formats on subjects' responses to a Piagetian reasoning problem requiring control of variables. The task chosen for this investigation was the Mealworm problem. 2 See: Karplus, R., Lawson, A., Wollman, W., Appel, M., Bernoff, R., Howe, A., Rusch, J., & Sullivan, F. Science teaching and the development of reasoning. Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1977. The task was presented by three methods: (1) individual clinical interview; (2) group presentation of task followed by paper-and-pencil problem with illustration; and (3) group administration of paper-and-pencil instrument with illustration. Each method included four formats: (1) completion answer with essay justification; (2) completion answer with multiplechoice justification; (3) multiple-choice answer with essay justification; and (4) multiple-choice answer with multiple-choice justification. Two hundred and fifty-three (253) students who were enrolled in a freshman level biological science class participated in the study. The research design was a 3 × 4 factorial design with method and format of assessment as the main effects. The participants were in 12 randomly selected laboratory or discussion sections, and each section was randomly assigned to a cell in the research design. Regression analysis with the individual as the unit of analysis showed that format but not method of assessment accounted for a significant amount of variance in student performance. The overall interaction was nonsignificant. Regression analysis with sections as the unit of analysis revealed nonsignificant findings for both method and format. The interrater agreement in the scoring of the Mealworm task was 82.1%. The principal conclusion is that format but not method of task administration influenced the performance of subjects, and the influence is similar for various combinations of method and format. Discussion is focused on the relative importance of the nonsignificant and significant findings for using alternative methods of Piagetian assessment. The results are also discussed with respect to earlier work, and suggestions for future research as well as implications for teachers are set forth. 相似文献
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罗许成 《信阳师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》2003,23(5):21-24
德性与功利二元对立的德性功利主义思维方式至今依然伤害着人们的敬业精神，必须以价值追求为基础，以职业责任为中轴，建构新时代的敬业精神。 相似文献
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计算实验是科学研究的有效方法之一,实验报告是对实验研究的记录和总结.按照规范的格式书写计算实验报告,有助于研究者清晰地描述实验过程、表达思想、交流成果.就计算实验报告书写的一般方法进行讨论,主要分析计算实验报告包括那些项目,每个项目中包括那些内容,如何描述和表达这些内容,有哪些注意事项等问题. 相似文献
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黎业飞 《中国现代教育装备》2010,(1):79-81
本文就EXCEL、FOXPRO、SQL三种数据形式之间的相互转换进行了较为深入地分析、研究,并通过实例说明转换方法,对于当前推行的教育管理信息化,有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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INTRODUCTION Digital media is becoming an indispensable par of people’s daily life thanks to the rapid developmen and wide adoption of handy digital media capturing devices, rich digital contents, portable media device and versatile sharing networks. More and more user show greater demands for enjoying digital medi services through various PC and non-PC devices ove the Internet or wireless networks. Such kind of ubiq uitous multimedia services pose great challenges to traditional coding… 相似文献
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朱函兵 《佳木斯教育学院学报》2014,(4):112-113
文章从书籍装帧中的版式设计入手,梳理了版式设计的发展历史,论述了自由版式设计的特点,指出自由版式设计在电脑排版时代有着广泛的应用空间,强调自由版式设计要力求使书籍装帧设计的艺术性与功能性达到完美结合。 相似文献
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While much criticism has been leveled at graduate education in major United States colleges and universities in the recent past, this study investigated the style and format variables related to preparation of the dissertation and associated matters. The results of this study indicate that a significant amount of introspective evaluation of the dissertation process and product has taken place over the last five years. Technological advances, quality concerns, and increased student involvement in the preparation process have been recognized and incorporated into new dissertation requirements, and a trend toward decentralized monitoring of dissertation preparation is evident from the results. Also presented are comparative information and data contrasting current practices with those reported in a 1975–76 survey of the same population. In both cases the response rate for the survey was greater than 85%, thus providing a very definitive picture of the current status of dissertation preparation. 相似文献
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Rebecca M. LaFountain 《Innovative Higher Education》1995,20(1):19-31
This study examines the relationship between course intensity and long-term retention on graduate level counseling students enrolled in a research and statistics course. It confirms earlier findings of time and learning studies, which have primarily dealt with end-of-course outcomes, that there is no effect due to scheduling format. In this study, older students performed significantly higher on a six-month follow-up test than younger students. Students who had previous, related course work scored significantly higher in final course grades than students with no prior course work, however, differences were moderated and no longer significant at the time of follow-up. Implications from these findings are discussed.Rebecca LaFountain is an assistant professor in the Department of Counseling, Shippenburg University of Pennsylvania. She earned an Ed.D in Counseling from the College of William and Mary, an M.S. in Counseling from Iowa State University, and a B.A. in French from Grand Valley State University. She is a Licensed Psychologist and a Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor. Her primary professional interests include the teaching of research and statistics so that it is not threatening; Adlerian psychology; and, Solution-Focused counseling. 相似文献
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李宏 《金华职业技术学院学报》2008,8(6):15-17
介绍目前三种常用的CAD数据转化标准格式IGES、STEP和Parasolid的特点．为在实际应用过程实现资源共享,以UGNX、Solidwork和Pro／ENGNIEER三种三维CAD软件的数据相互转化为例,提出三维模型数据相互转化的解决方案。 相似文献
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Michael Pfau 《Communication quarterly》2013,61(3):244-258
Although comparative advertising accounts for nearly half of all television commercial messages, much remains to be learned about its use and effectiveness. This investigation probed the role and impact of receiver involvement in product class, comparative message format, and receiver sex on the relative effectiveness of comparative advertising messages. The results indicate that females and males respond uniquely to comparative advertising, revealing consistent patterns regarding both circumstances and approaches. The findings of this study suggest important nuances for advertising professionals in their efforts to design and to target comparative messages. 相似文献
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Research on the counterintuitive Monty Hall dilemma (MHD) and analogous problems has shown that correct reasoning is rarely observed, even with the help of certain hints. Making the causal structure explicit or presenting probabilities by means of natural frequencies seem to enhance performance, but only to a moderate degree. The present experiments aimed to analyze the usefulness of these hints for solving an analogous MHD in more detail. Results showed that, compared to relative frequencies, natural frequencies improved reasoning, but this effect depended on previous numerical skills. On the other hand, a graph representing the causal structure had no effect, suggesting that numerical representations are more critical for solving the dilemma. Furthermore, success in solving the dilemma strongly correlated with participants’ skill in representing probabilities. Hence, an adequate numerical representation seems to be particularly relevant for understanding counterintuitive probabilistic problems. 相似文献
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Photoshop是编辑各种图像时的常用软件,它功能强大,支持几十种文件格式,因此能很好地支持多种应用程序.介绍了Photoshop利用它所支持的文件格式与其他应用软件进行交互使用的方法,以及不同格式间的转换. 相似文献