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1.
The microgravity method is one of the geophysical tools used in engineering and environmental and archaeological researches, where the detection of subsurface cavities or buried structures is essential. In this study, this technique has been revealed to be an efficient and respectful tool for use in Cultural Heritage restoration studies, such as those carried out in the restoration of historical sites in which the elements to be examined are beneath a shallow coating of material. Therefore, the aim of this microgravimetric survey is to define the exact position and dimensions of a subsurface structure (rainwater cistern) through microgravity response of the medium.For this purpose, the subsurface structure of San Gerónimo Cloister of the Vall de Crist Carthursian Monastery (14th century) has been researched. This monastery was known to be the largest Carthusian Monastery in the region of Valencia (Spain) and one of the most remarkable of the ancient Corona de Aragón. A rectangular grid of microgravity measurement station points was designed to cover the entire surface of the cloister. In addition, a microgravimetric profile was acquired along a hillside close to the Carthusian buildings in order to obtain the density value of the medium.The study was performed using a LaCoste&Romberg D203 gravimeter to detect and to map the shallow subsurface rainwater cistern that probably exits beneath it. This gravimeter has a sensitivity of approximately 1 μgal (μgal = 1.10−8 ms−2) and an accuracy of 3–5 μgal for relative gravity measurements.Two contour maps were calculated (observed gravity and Bouguer gravity values) in order to improve the interpretation results. On these maps we can observe the shape of the body that is causing the perturbation in gravity values. And what is more, it led us to deduce that the central area of the cavity is deeper than the border area. In addition, we can asses that the cavity is 8 m wide and 12 m long, and is symmetrical along its longitudinal axis, but not along its transversal axis.Also, a microgravimetric inversion was performed and the subsurface is split into 7 prisms and the depth and height of each is to be estimated separately. As a result of this inversion we can estimate that the ceiling of the cistern is located about 1 m under the cloister pavement and the cistern floor at a depth of 4 m. The cistern is slightly inclined towards one of its edges by about 20 cm.Finally, the 2D modelling derived by microgravimetric data has allowed us to determinate the shape, dimensions and location of the cistern accurately. In addition we have calculated the cistern capacity (288 m3, that is, 2880 Hl). This capacity was quite enough for the water necessities of 13 monks who lived there permanently, even for making it through the drought periods frequent in this kind of Mediterranean areas.  相似文献   

2.
The Saadian tombs from the era of sultan Ahmed al-Mansour (1574–1603) are beautifully decorated and have always been a major attraction for visitors to Marrakesh. The central mausoleum, named the Hall of Twelve Columns, encloses the tombs of Ahmed al-Mansour and his family. The hall has a huge vaulted ceiling, carved cedar doors, opening windows with wooden marquetry screen (Mashrabiya), and grey Italian marble columns. This paper presents the first attempt to identify the organic materials used by the Moroccan artisans. A GC/MS analytical procedure was used for the characterization of lipids, waxes, resins, pitch, tar, proteinaceous and saccharide materials in the same paint micro-sample. The analytical study identified the organic materials used in the polychrome and gilded decorations of the walls, ceiling and dome of the hall. Data showed that the polychrome decorations were painted using animal glue as a binder, and highlighted the treatment of the wall surface with linseed oil and the retouching of the paintings based on a saccharide binder. The use of a proteinaceous-resinous-oil mixture, applied on a proteinaceous preparation layer, for the gilded decorations revealed a very similar technique to that used at the time in Europe for mural paintings.  相似文献   

3.
The exact location and chronology of the ancient harbours of Phoenicia's two most important city-states, Tyre and Sidon, is a longstanding debate. New geoarchaeological research reveals that the early ports actually lie beneath the modern urban centres. During the Bronze Age, Tyre and Sidon were characterised by semi-open marine coves. After the first millennium BC, our bio-sedimentological data attest to early artificial harbour infrastructure, before the later apogees of the Roman and Byzantine periods. Post-1000 AD, silting-up and coastal progradation led to burial of the ancient basins, lost until now, beneath the city centres. The outstanding preservation properties of such fine-grained sedimentary contexts, coupled with the presence of the water table, means these two Levantine harbours are exceptionally preserved. This work has far-reaching implications for our understanding of Phoenician maritime archaeology and calls for the protection of these unique cultural heritages.  相似文献   

4.
Forty-six Streptomyces strains were isolated from paintings and stone surfaces from Tell Basta and Tanis tombs (80 km south-east Cairo, Egypt). Eight of these strains were selected to determine their sensitivity against 13 antibiotics. In general, high levels of resistance could be observed. Gentamycin, spiramycin and doxycycline were the most effective antibiotics against the majority of strains under study. Due to the observed antibiotic resistances, gamma irradiation was studied as a possible alternative to inhibit microbial growth. Isolated bacteria were exposed to different doses of gamma irradiation (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kGy). The growth of all Streptomyces isolates except S. canarius was completely inhibited at 25 kGy. The applied doses of gamma irradiation did not cause any observable alterations or colour changes to pigments and binding media (arabic gum, animal glue and egg-yolk) used in the paintings.  相似文献   

5.
This paper describes the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey carried out on the Roman theatre of Sagunto (Valencia, Spain) following recent restoration work in 1991. The structure has been substantially altered a number of times: it was remodelled during the Roman and Moorish periods, partially destroyed during the Peninsular War (1808–1814) and the Carlist War (1833–1839), and extensively modified during the 1930s and 1950s. Major reconstruction work was carried out in 1991 to convert the building into a working theatre. The GPR survey was performed to detect the possible effects of the 1991 remodelling on the historical remains and to identify the point of contact between the present-day modifications and the Roman remains. We took several on-site measurements of the wave velocity in the different materials in known areas to determine as accurately as possible the depth of the contact point. The velocity was calculated by measuring the depth in these areas and the two-way travel time of the wave. The measurements were taken from the walls and the tiers as the thicknesses of the materials were known in these areas. The recorded values were compared with the velocities reported by other authors and with the information from diffraction hyperbolas recorded in the radar data, which are caused by small objects inserted in the medium. We used these velocities to determine the exact point of contact between the Roman remains and the materials used in later restorations. The contact points cause the reflections that can be seen in the GPR data. The results also reveal considerable variations in the surface of the Roman tiers, which can be attributed to partial erosion in these areas caused mainly by water.  相似文献   

6.
林青 《文化交流》2009,(3):69-72
甘南藏区是中国众多藏区中的一块独特的地方。那里有大草原,有美丽的雪山,有黄河第一湾,还有藏传佛教格鲁派最高学府拉卜楞寺,以及存在于各地的独特民俗风隋。流行于甘南各地的插箭节,就是一种非常独特的人文地理风俗,已经有上千年历史。  相似文献   

7.
Within the conservation programme of the mausoleum of Theodoric, located in Ravenna, Italy, we applied a new cleaning procedure based on the use of a recently developed Nd:YAG laser system, suitably equipped in this case with long optical fibre cables for the transmission of laser radiation to work sites on the façade. The intervention of the laser technique was required to complete the cleaning of a decoration surrounding the monolithic dome, after conventional cleaning methods had been applied with unsatisfactory results. Preliminary laboratory analyses on stone samples collected from the dome and subjected to laser treatment indicated that this technique was effective and could fully preserve the lime–Ca oxalate film existing below the thick layer of black crusts. Before starting the operative phase on the mausoleum, it was necessary to solve the practical problem of keeping free access to the monument during cleaning operations, which hindered the location of the laser in close proximity to the sites to be cleaned. This was achieved by preparing long fibre cables (up to 50 m) which permitted the successful completion of the cleaning while leaving the laser body far away from the dome.  相似文献   

8.
The ruins of the Roman town of Volubilis, located in the Middle Atlas, near Meknes, between Fez and Rabat, constitute the most important Roman archaeological site in Morocco and are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Volubilis became the headquarters of the Mauritania Tingitana limes after the annexation of the kingdom of Mauritania to the Roman Empire in AD 42. Evacuated by the Romans after the second half of the 3rd century, the town became the capital of the kingdom of Idriss I in AD 789.The results of an archaeometric study of the marbles imported into Volubilis during the Roman age are reported herein the sixth framework program of the European Union.Of the few coloured lithotypes that have been found, all are of Greek origin with the exception of the so-called “Portuguese pink”, a pale pink marble exploited by the Romans near Vilaviçosa in the Lusitania which, till now, has not yet been identified outside Iberia. As regards the white marbles employed in the statuary, petrographic study in thin section and the δ13C and δ18O isotopic data emphasize the frequent use of Lunense and Pentelic marbles. The latter also features among the white marbles used for crustae and architectural elements together with the dolomitic variety of Thasian marble, Parian marble from Lakkoi, Proconnesian marble from the island of Marmara, an unknown marble most probably of local origin, and a variety of the so-called “greco scritto” whose provenance still remains unclear. In fact, its petrographic and geochemical features do not match those known for the classical “greco scritto” from Cap de Garde, near Annaba (Algeria).  相似文献   

9.
During restoration activities, a fungal reddish area was noted on a gilded wood carved ceiling decoration from a sacristy of a church in Aveiro, Portugal. The protocols used to identify the fungal community present in this wooden material included the classical culturing methods and a molecular biology protocol based on the ability of denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) to separate fungal DNA from several species. This last method complemented the results obtained with the traditional culturing method approach and the overall study revealed three fungal species: Serpula lacrymans (Wulfen) P. Karsten, Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson and Penicillium chrysogenum Thom. This is, to the author's knowledge, the first documented case of S. lacrymans in Portuguese built cultural heritage. Despite the antifungal solution applied and the dryer environment recommended, the water activity (Aw) levels recorded on location are still dangerously high and may allow fungal regrowth. Periodic inspections were advised.  相似文献   

10.
Assessment of multi-leaf stone masonry in earthquake-prone areas is mostly related to the evaluation of its texture, morphology, leaf detachment and structural cracking due to previous seismic activity, as well as disintegration due to material deterioration. For the plastered masonry with heritage or artistic value (paintings, frescoes etc.), both the type of structure and the extent of damage should be characterized with minimal interference to the structure, which could be overcome solely by non-destructive testing (NDT). However, due to the complexity of plastered multi-leaf masonry structure, the performance of well-known NDT methods could be significantly worsened. Therefore, as a prerequisite for applying NDT on multi-leaf stone masonry in practice, a validation process should be carried out. In this study, complementary ground penetrating radar (GPR) and infrared (IR) thermography measurements on plastered laboratory three-leaf stone masonry walls were performed. Apart from assessing the wall texture and morphology with the type of connection between the leaves, detection of gradual plaster delamination and crack propagation while subjecting the walls to an in-plane cyclic shear test was taken into account. The results showed that GPR could successfully visualize header stones passing through the whole depth of the specimen. The masonry texture behind the plaster could be well resolved by both methods, although GPR near-field effects worsened its localisation. For the detection of plaster delamination, IR thermography outperformed GPR by detecting delamination as small as 2 mm as well as structural crack patterns, whereas GPR only detected delamination larger than 8 mm. It was shown that the performance of both methods for defect detection could be further improved by image fusion based on unsupervised clustering methods.  相似文献   

11.
Northern Greece is the main region where more than 90 Macedonian tombs, dated in the late classical and Hellenistic period, have been discovered. Geospatial data processing technologies (GIS), predictive modelling techniques and fuzzy logic were applied to the study area in order to create a predictive model that would be able to provide map regions assigned with specified probability of Macedonian tombs’ occurrence. The model was tested extensively and was validated using a commonly used predictive gain. The results and the evaluation of the model proved the efficiency of its predictive ability in providing answers to a series of questions related to the problem at hand (archaeological research, cultural resource management and protection, land use, etc.).  相似文献   

12.
The Sos Furrighesos necropolis (Anela) is considered to be one of the most important funerary monuments in Sardinia. The hypogeum consists of various graves, called Domus de Janas, which are decorated with Neolithic mural paintings and sculptures. This work was undertaken in order to clarify which techniques were used in the past, through the identification of pigments and binding media. The samples, scraped off from the paint surface, were studied by using various analytical techniques in order to characterise both the pigments and the binding media. The main problems concerning the characterisation were due to the small sizes (1–5 mg) of the samples and their complex nature. As regards pigments, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analyses were performed on the samples. These techniques are well suited to the characterisation of inorganic pigments and have led to the identification of the red pigment as haematite. In order to characterise the organic binders, the samples were analysed by a procedure based on a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry technique, which allows proteinaceous and lipidic media determination in the same sample. In most of the samples, the presence of egg was suggested.  相似文献   

13.
This article presents results of an archaeo-geophysical investigation carried out in a tell site situated in the Syrian Middle-Euphrates valley within the framework of a Syrian-Spanish archaeological project. In the Near East, Tell is a hill formed by accumulation of muddy sedimentary layers mainly due to the decomposition of mud-bricks in ancient towns. First archaeological works (2005–2008) resulted in significant discoveries such as Early Bronze Age (c. 2600–2400 BC) buildings and pottery. In order to map the entire city, an extensive ground-penetrating radar prospection was undertaken in July 2009. GPR images reveal the existence of unknown buildings, streets and the enclosure wall of the city. Such information adds crucial information to understand the importance of the city in the region.  相似文献   

14.
江南兵马俑     
来到被郭沫若先生誉之为“太湖气魄,西子风韵”的宁波东钱湖,在这碧水连天、波光潋滟、一望无际的浙江省最大的淡水湖畔,在上水村下庄黄梅山的苍翠山麓下,沿着山谷小径走不多远,眼前就被一幅恢宏的景象惊呆了!只见在如笔架、如座椅的苍翠山峦下,几十尊雄伟的石像巍然矗立,分左右两列排开,如同组成一个雄壮战阵,在严阵以待;也如同阅兵式上军容端庄的仪仗队,在迎接来自海内外的嘉宾。  相似文献   

15.
The stained glass windows of the Pavia Carthusian Monastery are an important testimony of medieval glass making in which a wood-ash flushing component was used. Glass surfaces reveal alteration processes extending to depth, with evidence of microbial corrosion. Electron microprobe analyses coupled with EDS data allow the identification of different steps in the alteration process. Microbial attack occurs in an early stage and determines component leaching of the glass, with the development of reactions in which the crystallisation of gypsum is favoured.  相似文献   

16.
At the instigation of the Musée du Louvre's Department of Egyptian Antiquities, an intensive programme to study black bronze has been carried out at the Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France. Systematic research has been undertaken on the museum's collection to identify objects that might have an intentional black patina.The same experimental protocol has been applied to all the objects, alllowing this study to be one of the most important coherent investigation on this type of bronze decoration. It involves the use of non-invasive analytical methods in order to obtain the maximum amount of information possible about the chemical nature and structure of the surface layer. The protocol makes it possible to compare objects and to propose an interpretation of how this decorative technique evolved during the Egyptian period.Based on previous stylistic investigations (by J. Cooney, 1966) and personal observation, sixteen objects dating from the Middle Kingdom to the Late Period were selected. Thanks to elemental analyses, twelve of them were identified as being intentionally patinated. Only ten of these could be described as hmty-km, because the base patinated alloy contains small amounts of gold and/or silver and the black patina is made up mainly of cuprous oxide Cu2O (cuprite). Among the four other objects, one patina is very close to the black bronze patina, but contains neither gold nor silver. Three other pieces have an unusual patina. A lack of other comparable examples makes it very difficult to determine whether the patinas are of ancient origin.  相似文献   

17.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared and used for surface treatment of oil paintings painted on paper supports. The prepared coating mixture containing 2% of ZnO nanoparticles showed excellent transparency. The effect of coating on protecting the paper support and paintings against microbial attack by Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger, dirt accumulation, and UV aging was studied. Coatings containing ZnO nanoparticles enhanced the durability of linseed oil-based paintings toward UV aging regarding the change in color. Coatings containing ZnO nanoparticles improved resistance to microbial attack when subjected to inoculums containing T. reesei or A. niger fungi. In addition, coatings containing ZnO nanoparticles reduced accumulation of dirt on oil paintings when left in open air for 6 months; cleaning of paintings was quite easy compared to the non-coated paintings or those coated with the varnish without ZnO nanoparticles.  相似文献   

18.
Schneider  William H. 《Minerva》2003,41(1):1-23
The Rockefeller Foundation helpedestablish two health research institutes inFrance during the German occupation and Vichyrule. These institutes were the precursors ofthe Institut National de Santé et de laRecherche Médicale (INSERM), the Frenchequivalent of the National Institutes of Healthin the United States. This essay rescues theseinstitutes from oblivion, and examines theirorigins and their significance.  相似文献   

19.
Experimental data concerning an ancient stained window attributed to Nicolò di Pietro Gerini, Carthusian monastery, Galluzzo (Florence), are reported. The chromophores were identified non-invasively in situ by means of a spectro-analyser equipped with optical fibres. The novelty of the method consists in the use of the external solar light as a lighting source so as to increase the signal to noise ratio. Moreover, data on the chemical composition of the glasses and their alteration products, which were obtained from small fragments, are reported. Finally, a hypothesis about the origin of a colour change from blue to purple inside a pane is put forward on the basis of the spectroscopic results.  相似文献   

20.
The possibility to use laser radiation to clean historical objects has been established for several years. A complex case and widely met problem are polychromes. They react (chemically as also physically) very sensitively towards laser radiation. In this study, the reaction of pigments was investigated in dependency on the incident wavelength (Nd:YAG, λ = 1064, 532, 355, 266 nm) and energy density. The chemical and also the physical interactions were investigated. In this work, the following analytical methods were utilised: differential thermal analysis (DTA), colour measurements (CIE-L*a*b*), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). It turned out that the colour change of the pigments can have different origins: they can for instance be induced by laser induced oxidation, reduction or phase changing. Most of the pigments show reactions at very low energy densities (H < 100 mJ cm–2). Overall the fundamental wavelength of the Nd:YAG-laser (λ = 1064 nm) proved to be most suitable, whereas λ = 355 nm shows most influence on the colour change.  相似文献   

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