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1.
Jean M. Rowan 《Child abuse & neglect》1979,3(3-4)
Describes a retrospective study carried out in the North West of England, during 1976 while the author was a post-graduate student at Liverpool University. The possible ‘at risk’ factors under study were (1) Separation of the mother herself, before 11 years of age, from her mother. (2) Abnormality of pregnancy. (3) Abnormality of labour. (4) Abnormality of puerperium. (5) Low birth weight of baby. (6) Poor ante-natal care. (7) If child placed in special care baby unit. (8.) Consultation with social worker during pregnancy. (9) Apgar score less than nine at ten minutes.Data was collected, from maternal case records of a ten per cent random sample of children on the register of non-accidental injury, and of children born in the same hospital and paired by their sex, their mother's age and parity within a minimum of a year period.The findings revealed that (1) the factors under test, when grouped together, could be reliable predictors of non-accidental injury to children, and (2) that statistical significance was found between the number of possible ‘at risk’ factors in the subject group and the control group of mothers. In -the subject group of mothers 82.98% were found to have one or more factors present, compared to 55.32% in the control group of mothers.The results appear to warrant a more extensive study with a larger size sample and limited only to confirmed cases of non-accidental injury.However, it may be possible for members of the primary care teans to use this information in setting priority criteria for visiting, in attempts to reduce the occurrences of nonaccidental injury. 相似文献
2.
The relation of mothers' personal and maternal networks to the quality of their play interactions was examined. Personal networks consisted of all persons the mother deemed important in her life at the present time; her maternal network consisted of those who were important in her role as a mother. 44 mothers were $$ extensively about their social networks and kept a logdiary for 1 week of their contacts with networks members. They were also observed during a play session with their 4-year-old child. Intercorrelations among network variables supported the conceptualization of social networks as multifaceted with major distinctions between personal and maternal networks and between structure and satisfaction. Mothers who were more satisfied with their personal networks and mothers with larger maternal networks demonstrated more optimal maternal behavior: they praised their children more and they were less intrusively controlling. Mothers with less cohesive networks also demonstrated this pattern. 相似文献
3.
BackgroundThe transition to motherhood involves many challenges that require adjustment; included among them are adapting to body changes, forging a maternal identity, and attaching to the baby. Although these tasks may not be easy for any women, those who experienced emotional neglect during childhood may find them especially difficult.ObjectiveThe aim of the current study was to examine a model illuminating the mechanism underlying the association between childhood emotional neglect and women’s adjustment during pregnancy and the postpartum period.Participants and settingThree hundred and ninety four Israeli women participated in the study, during their pregnancy (Time 1) and two months postpartum (Time 2).MethodsParticipants filled out a battery of questionnaires assessing their history of childhood emotional neglect, body experience, maternal self-efficacy, attachment to the fetus/baby, and depression.ResultsResults from structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that childhood emotional neglect was associated with depression at both Time 1 and Time 2. These associations were mediated by the body experience during pregnancy (Time 1) and motherhood (Time 2) as well as by anticipated maternal self-efficacy (Time 1) and maternal self-efficacy (Time 2). The model explained 56% of the variance of postpartum depression (Time 2).ConclusionsThese findings point to the long-term implications of childhood emotional neglect for women’s adjustment to the transition to motherhood. The underlying mechanism suggested by the research model is discussed. 相似文献
4.
Wood S 《The Journal of perinatal education》2011,20(1):61-64
Herpes during pregnancy is a common concern. Because one in every five women is infected with the herpes virus, it is likely that herpes may be a topic that will be raised during a prenatal class, or afterward in private. An expectant mother who has a history of herpes may have concerns about protecting her baby from this virus. She may also have concerns about her own health, relationship issues including the support of her husband and family, or how to communicate with her health-care provider and make the best choices for a safe birth experience. Her childbirth educator can be a source of support and empowerment. 相似文献
5.
In this article, we discuss the intuitive knowledge mothers have of their unborn baby. We propose a shift in focus from caregivers' merely providing information to first listening to pregnant mothers as they share their intuitive knowledge of their baby. This approach enables mothers and fathers or partners to know they are already parents to their unborn baby and empowers them to get in touch with their baby's presence and who he or she is during pregnancy. This intuitive knowledge may be a protective behavior that will enable mothers to keep babies safe during pregnancy. 相似文献
6.
Sheila Brownlow Tonya J. Smith BeLinda R. Ellis 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2002,11(2):135-144
We examined whether women who pursue scientific training are viewed negatively by college students. Participants (N = 114 college students; 56 women, 58 men) saw a woman describe her major (either chemistry or the humanities) and express either strong commitment to her course of study or ambivalence about it. Participants then provided judgments about the speaker's traits (such as assertiveness and sociability), social behaviors (including how often she dates), and her future potential (including happiness and fulfillment with her career, as well as starting salary). Results indicated that both major and commitment level influenced perceptions of the speaker. Commitment to the major increased judgments of future career fulfillment, intellectual competence, school achievement, and assertiveness. Pursuit of chemistry, however, was perceived as negative, as people judged the woman as less sociable when she was committed to being a chemist, and women participants predicted she would have a less fulfilling career. Men participants said they would not want to date her. Although women may understand that they could make more money in the sciences, negative judgments about their social capabilities and future happiness may contribute to their propensity to avoid science. 相似文献
7.
Meryem Karabekmez 《Paedagogica Historica: International Journal of the History of Education》2017,53(1-2):71-79
AbstractThis study demonstrates how the cultural role of Ottoman women began to change during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as well as considering emerging conflicts due to their altering roles in society as they were educated in the Darulmuallimat (teachers’ college for women) and acquired social positions as woman instructors. The first phase of the study is about schooling for women in the late Ottoman Empire and how women became teachers. The work mentions an interesting historical document which shows the relationship between a female instructor and a director of education (maarif müdürü) in Trabzon. This document also points to the disturbances aroused by these changes in women’s social status which needed to be reconstructed. It indicates how the government took measures to preserve the existing norms as women became more visible in the community and reminded them that their first responsibility was always about preserving their chastity and esteem. The first woman teachers to commence participating in the public sphere were effective at shaping and structuring culture in the Ottoman Empire; thus they should be investigated in terms of their social roles and their effects on cultural transformation as well. The case of Macide Han?m is considered in the cultural, economic, and political contexts of late Ottoman history with an emphasis on women’s education and modifying social roles. The study was carried out by scrutinising historical documents in the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives, especially documents in the maarif mektubi kalemi section. 相似文献
8.
OBJECTIVE: This study examines the association between maternal childhood maltreatment and psychopathology and aggression in intimate relationships during pregnancy and the postpartum period. METHOD: Forty-four pregnant women who were recruited from an obstetric clinic and local advertising periodical completed questionnaires about childhood maltreatment and psychopathology during their first trimester of pregnancy. Approximately 1 year after the birth of the child, 32 of the original participants completed these same questionnaires. Regression models were used to test the relationship between childhood maltreatment and psychopathology and aggression during pregnancy and 1 year postpartum. RESULTS: Sexual abuse and emotional neglect were related to psychopathology during pregnancy, and emotional neglect and physical abuse and neglect predicted poorer maternal outcomes 1 year postpartum. Contrary to expectations, physical abuse was related to less aggression during pregnancy, and emotional abuse was associated with less pathology postpartum. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that childhood maltreatment is associated with poorer maternal mental health during pregnancy and 1 year postpartum and points to the need to improve targeting and treatment of psychopathology during this time. 相似文献
9.
10.
18世纪的英国女性在寻求自我独立的过程中,其公共空间和生存境况受到的局限使得女性的话语权也随着她们面临的各种附加条件而被剥夺,她们的声音逐渐被掩盖在单一的男性声音之后。范尼·伯尼在其小说《伊芙琳娜》中以其女性独特的叙事策略发出女性叙事声音,这种叙事声音使主人公既不打破当时的社会常规和习俗、脱离她所处的时代,又能获得社会地位和美满的婚姻,最终实现自己。 相似文献
11.
Denise M. Puia 《The Journal of perinatal education》2013,22(4):212-225
12.
陈莲洁 《潍坊教育学院学报》2011,24(1):56-59
通过对小说《色戒》的解读指出,在战争和社会转型时期人性被扭曲。女性由于没有独立的经济和社会人格,她们的躯体往往被异化为革命工具。反过来,用躯体进行革命的女性又往往遭到革命同志的鄙视和唾弃,革命和伦理因此构成了对女性的双重压迫。以易先生、邝裕民为代表的男性占有政治话语和男权话语的双重优势,终于成了"虎"。而王佳芝承受了革命和伦理的双重压迫,她的心理和情感困惑不仅导致刺杀行动失败,也必然沦为"伥"。 相似文献
13.
Ajesh George Margaret Duff Shilpi Ajwani Maree Johnson Hannah Dahlen Anthony Blinkhorn Sharon Ellis Sameer Bhole 《The Journal of perinatal education》2012,21(2):112-122
It is recommended that all pregnant women should receive a comprehensive oral health evaluation because poor maternal oral health may affect pregnancy outcomes and the general health of the woman and her baby. Midwives are well placed to provide dental health advice and referral. However, in Australia, little emphasis has been placed on the educational needs of midwives to undertake this role. This article outlines the development of an online education program designed to improve midwives’ dental health knowledge, prepare them to assess the oral health of women, refer when required, and provide appropriate dental education to women and their families. The program consists of reading and visual material to assist with the oral health assessment process and includes competency testing. 相似文献
14.
Perceived social support has been shown to be one of the most important protective factors for emerging adult students during their transition to university. However, the relationships between perceived social support and dimensions of gender and family background, which have been shown to affect adjustment to college life, remain unexplored. The current study analyzes the effect of gender, parents’ education, and family income level on social support perceived by Spanish university students. The sample consisted of 575 women and 280 men, of average age 18.02 years (SD?=?0.52) enrolled in the first year of degree courses at the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). Three measures were used to assess various facets of perceived social support, namely perceived acceptance, social provisions, and support availability and satisfaction. Gender differences were identified for several perceived social support dimensions; women reported a wider social network, which should cover more diverse needs of social support. In addition, differences related to mother’s education and family income level emerged for the availability of support and perceived acceptance. The results highlight the different role of gender and family background in several dimensions of perceived social support during the transition to emerging adulthood. 相似文献
15.
David Finkelhor 《Child abuse & neglect》1980,4(4):265-273
In response to an anonymous questionnaire survey, 19% of the women and 9% of the men in a population of 796 normal college students said they had been sexually victimized in the course of childhood. The majority of these children were victimized by men within their intimate social network, not strangers. Most children did not tell anyone about the experience.Certain groups of children were at higher risk of victimization than others. More girls from lower-income groups were victimized; also those from socially isolated backgrounds. Girls from stepfather families were five times more vulnerable than the others. If a girl had ever lived without her mother, or if her mother had substantially less education than her father, or if her mother was particularly punitive about sexual matters, a girl was at higher risk for sexual abuse.These risk factors could be combined into a checklist which illustrates their cumulative effect. Over 50% of girls with four or more risk factors suffered a victimization. However, care must be taken not to see in this high vulnerability cause for blaming the victims for their own victimization. 相似文献
16.
Early mother-infant interactions support infants' abilities to deal with stressful situations such as the withdrawal of maternal attention. The "still-face" paradigm provides a framework for studying the range of social regulatory capacities available to infants during stressful times. This study examined the responses of 62 3-4-month-old infants during the still-face situation. Infants' responses were coded in real time along 3 dimensions: gaze, affect, and state. 3 findings are presented: (1) Generally, infants responded to the still-face situation with predominantly neutral affect and looking away from their mothers. (2) Infants who looked longer at their mothers early in the still-face showed longer early positive affect and protested her absence less. (3) Girls more often showed an intensely negative response to the still-face. These findings are discussed in the context of the development of social regulatory capacities in infancy. 相似文献
17.
Alecia White Scharback 《The Journal of perinatal education》2012,21(2):62-66
In this column, a young mother shares the story of her second home birth. Like the birth of her first baby, her daughter Flora’s birth was supported by the presence of a midwife and doula, the peace and quiet of her own home, and the love of her husband and family. Birth is described as transforming and a powerful transition for women. She describes the births of both her children as being “forever emblazoned on my heart as the sweetest and strongest days of my small life.” Paralleling this story of birth is the story of her mother-in-law as she faces brain cancer and seizes the power of that life transition. 相似文献
18.
邹琴 《忻州师范学院学报》2012,28(1):18-20
《紫颜色》是美国当代黑人女作家艾丽斯.沃克的代表作。文章从伦理身份缺失,伦理意识觉醒和伦理环境压迫这三方面讨论了美国南方黑人女性被剥夺了最基本的为人子女、母亲以及妻子的伦理身份;失去了正常伦理属性家庭关系里本应享受的父母之爱与两性之爱。文章认为:《紫颜色》充分体现了黑人女作家沃克一贯主张的伦理诉求:即广大黑人女性只有通过自己的奋发自为,解除父权社会下"男尊女卑"观念的精神枷锁,才能获得真正意义上的解放。 相似文献
19.
联通主义理论揭示了"互联网+"时代教与学的新规律,学习者社会网络的形成是联通主义学习的重要过程,因此,深刻认识联通主义理论中的社会网络规律显得尤为重要。该研究使用社会网络分析法对国内第一门cMOOC微信群中的交互数据进行收集与分析,探究了联通主义学习情境中的社会网络特征。研究发现:在宏观层面,整个课程微信群交互形成的社会网络是一个多中心的复杂网络;在中观层面,内部子结构形成了8个凝聚子群;在微观层面,度数中心性和中间中心性较高的节点(参与者)在网络中发挥着重要的联通作用。最后,从三个方面进行了总结:联通主义学习中教师是引导者、促进者,符合联通主义课程的教师观;自组织是联通主义理论的重要特征;联通主义学习者的网络地位可以反映其联通主义学习的情况。 相似文献
20.
Fox LS 《Social work in education》1983,6(1):32-43
A sample of 100 adolescent males enrolled in 2 high schools in suburban New Jersey completed a 30 item questionnaire in 1980 to explore further the attitudes and intended behavior of white, middle-class adolescent males regarding their reproductive responsibility. Data were sought on attitudes toward sex, contraception, pregnancy, and fatherhood. Also questioned were preferences about contraceptive use as well as anticipated behavior in the event of a partner's pregnancy. The study also was designed to obtain information on responses the subjects anticipated from their paretns on preferred pregnancy outcome. All respondents were white. 94%, based on data on the subjects' fathers, were ranked middle class and higher according to Hollingshead's Two Factor Index of Social Position. Ages ranged from 15-19 with a mean age of 16. 88% were living in households with both parents. Only 4% agreed that there was nothing wrong with telling a girl that you love her (even if you do not) so that she will agree to have sexual relations. This contrasts markedly with 61% of Vadies and Hale's lower-class sample of adolescent males who felt that deception was acceptable to obtain sex. 59% of the study group agreed that contraceptive use "shows concern for the girl," but the percentage dropped slightly to 53% regarding attitude toward using "protection whenever possible." The subjects demonstrated a contrast between attitude and intended behavior with 67% indicating an intention to use contraception when participating in sex regularly. 62% thought that for most of their peers would have sex and count on luck. 54% assumed that the "girl will protect herself." Respondents were more often willing either to help the close girlfriend range an abortion (28%), to marry her (21%), or to help her seek an adoption (20%). They were less likely to do the same for a casual girlfriend except in the case of abortion. A double standard was significantly evident on the basis of several preferred types of behavior. Basically, respondents seemed to be twice as likely to do whatever the girlfriend wanted to do when the relationship was a close one rather than casual. 60 subjects thought their parents would agree in their responses to a pregnancy, 21 thought there would be disagreement, and 19 were unsure or gave no response. The data support findings from previous research contending that adolescent male reproductive responsibility is a subject that warrants the concern of parents, educators, and community service professionals. 相似文献