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1.
姜燕燕 《楚雄师范学院学报》2011,26(12):71-76
基于修辞方法的叙事批评注重作者意图和文本修辞对于文本意义的决定作用,从文本内部来理解不可靠叙述;基于认知方法的叙事批评强调从读者阅读的角度来看叙事的不可靠性,将不可靠叙述理解为读者的一种阐释策略,并注重在此过程中文类规约和认知框架所起的作用。这两种方法在叙事批评中能够形成较好的互补。笔者主要从修辞角度探讨麦克尤恩的短篇小说《既仙即死》中的不可靠叙述,同时也试图阐明运用认知方法探讨不可靠叙述的伦理意义具有重要作用。 相似文献
2.
《International Journal of Educational Research》1997,27(3):255-265
Using the textbase-situation model of discourse processing and assuming a distinction of learning (recall of text contents) and understanding (relating different parts of text contents or text to non-text contents), it was found that individuals reading text contents from a number of sources who wrote an argumentative essay about the contents and then rated content elements for importance developed a better understanding of the contents than individuals writing a narrative essay and making importance ratings either before or after writing. 相似文献
3.
Han-Chin Liu 《Interactive Learning Environments》2013,21(4):433-446
This study investigated how the format of verbal instructions in computer simulations and prior knowledge (PK) affected 8th graders' cognitive load (CL) level and achievement in a multimedia learning environment. Although PK was not found to significantly affect student performance and CL level, instruction format was found to impact both. Students who used narrative simulations were found to have a greater CL but also to perform better than those using simulations with on-screen text instructions. However, no significant differences were found between the cognitive efficiency of the two groups. The difficulty of the subject matter and limitations in students' prior content-related knowledge may have increased the intrinsic CL, such that students had difficulty in interpreting the content even if their PK was relatively high. The narrative instructions were more likely than the on-screen text information to reduce the extraneous CL and promote understanding of content. A new measure of cognitive processing is needed to identify the types of CL involved in e-learning and determine the properties of adequate e-learning materials. Finally, the findings of the study are discussed and suggestions for future studies and instructional design are provided. 相似文献
4.
This paper reports the results of cloze tests in the reading and listening modes together with a computer analysis of responses to the tests. The subjects were groups of Scottish school children at the ages of 8-9, 11-12 and 13–14 years sampled over the whole country as part of a national survey of English language; the cloze tests were only a small part of the whole testing programme which also contained three other major reading tests. Approximately 400 subjects took cloze tests in each mode at each age. The test material was the same throughout for all stages tested. Two tests, each containing one narrative and one expository text were used. The mode of presentation did not significantly affect the types of cloze responses offered nor the total scores of the tests at any stage. However, results indicated better performance for older subjects when they read, and for the youngest group when they listened to, expository though not narrative passages. The comparisons of the results for the three different school stages showed continuing interdependence of reading and listening ability through the ages tested. The different cloze response patterns for the two types of text (in either mode) as well as the only moderate correlation between the texts, indicated that success in comprehending narratives may not necessarily transfer to comprehending information. 相似文献
5.
Direct instruction of reading strategies, such as the ‘structure strategy’, is demonstrated to be effective for the development of more mature and skilled reading processes in struggling readers. This instructional intervention approach, aimed at directly improving reading ability, can be used in combination with text simplification. Text simplification is the modification of the text in order to make it more understandable or readable for target groups of readers. In this article, we discuss a theoretically-driven text simplification approach, inspired by cognitive models of reading comprehension. Differently from classical approaches to linguistic text simplification, the aim of cognitive text simplification is not simply to reduce the linguistic complexity of the text, but to improve text coherence and the structure of information in the text. This can be achieved by using rhetorical devices, like signaling or discourse markers, which specify relationships among ideas at a global level (macrostructural) and work as processing instructions for the reader, scaffolding reading comprehension. The goal of this paper is to discuss, in light of the literature, the effectiveness of these adaptations for improving struggling readers’ understanding and learning from informational texts. 相似文献
6.
杨剑英 《内江师范学院学报》2008,23(3):57-60
关联理论解释的是明示一推理交际,指出人们在话语理解中付出一定的努力才可能获得语境效果,因而获得关联。语篇中指称词语的选择也体现了人们使用和理解指称词语过程中的认知规律,即人们对不同的指称词语的理解需要付出不同的努力。指称词语的可及度越高,人们付出的认知努力越少。 相似文献
7.
贾磊磊 《南京师范大学文学院学报》2003,(4):49-55
电影作为一种具有诱导性与强制性的叙事本,实质上左右了观众对影片意义的理解方式,同时为影片的全部意义提供一个潜在的认知结构。在这个结构中,对观众接受、体验方式的角色定位是电影制作极为重要的环节。电影观众便成为一个由电影的制作、观看与观看情境共同建构的电影叙事体系中的角色,一个我们可以潜入其中“窥视”影片内容的“假想替身”。不论是作为“窥视”、“先知”还是“认同”,观众都已经成为电影叙事本中的一部分,观众都被建构为叙事的主体并与影片的作共同“生产”影片的意义。 相似文献
8.
Nils Søvik Marit Samuelstuen Annlaug Flem 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2000,15(2):135-155
The problem was concerned with the extent to which cognitive/linguistic functions and domain-specific strategies could predict readers’ text comprehension when working with science texts. Six hypotheses were stated and tested in two prediction studies (N=101 eighth-graders), and one experiment (N=8 pupils of same age). Handal’s reading test was used for classifying pupils into good and poor readers. Two texts, one with a known subject and another with an unknown theme were imposed pupils as science reading tasks. Questionnaires and tests concerning cognitive and linguistic functions were used as independent variables in the prediction studies. Two different tests were used as independent variables (for text comprehension) in all of the three studies, and one additional criterion test (writing essays on main ideas in the texts) was applied in the experient. The experiment was organized as a 2x2 factorial design where text type and reading skill were the factors. According to the results, 5 of the 6 hypotheses could not be rejected, i.e., general concept information was the most significant predictor of science text comprehension. Furthermore, text based on a subject known to the reader always surpassed text with an unknown subject as to text comprehension. Similarily, across-domain strategies were more closely related to reading comprehension than domain-specific strategies. 相似文献
9.
Rebecca A. Dore Steven J. Amendum Roberta Michnick Golinkoff Kathy Hirsh-Pasek 《Educational Psychology Review》2018,30(3):1067-1089
Theory of mind is the understanding that other people have mental states that drive their actions and that those mental states can be different from one’s own. Without understanding theory of mind and being able to take others’ perspectives, it could be difficult for children to read and understand narrative texts. This paper posits that children’s understanding of others’ minds may be a potential missing piece in current accounts of reading comprehension. Indeed, the typical progression of children’s theory of mind abilities across childhood is closely aligned with the development of narrative processing skills. Furthermore, emerging evidence shows that both narrative processing and theory of mind are predictive of children’s reading comprehension, both concurrently and longitudinally. We present a possible explanation for why such a link exists and propose a causal framework of this relation in which increased ToM leads to increased understanding of and inferencing about characters’ mental states. Understanding characters’ mental states then leads to better reading comprehension. The framework makes novel, testable predictions and provides directions for future research. 相似文献
10.
近年来,随着认知科学的发展,人们发现一些用于计算机领域的术语可以被借用于其它学科领域,比如叙事分析,以隐喻的形式来解释阐明各种现象。本文将计算机中的断点和断点续传与叙事分析结合起来,试图说明一种新的通过借用断点和断点续传来分析理解叙事文本的方式;同时,本文还力图揭示产生和理解文本中断点的心理过程,并论述了这一新的文本分析方式也有助于分析理解话语的连贯和衔接。 相似文献
11.
The current study tested the effects of positive and negative emotion at the beginning and end of texts, as well as the consistency in valence throughout a text on readers’ response choice to items on a multiple-choice reading comprehension assessment. Multinomial logistic regressions were performed on 1,161 college participants’ assessment responses to test whether emotion in narrative and informational text items significantly predicted which distractor response options readers chose in comparison to the correct response option. Overall, consistent emotion throughout text and positive and negative emotion at the beginning and end of text were significant predictors of readers’ response choices. The results are discussed in terms of emotion being an indicator of readers’ causal processing. Specifically, findings provide a better understanding of how emotional features in narrative and informational texts may influence how readers develop causal coherence and comprehension during reading. This understanding could also help inform the development of instructional tools that encourage readers to focus on aspects of text (i.e., emotion) which could, in turn, help improve comprehension for readers who struggle. 相似文献
12.
宁敏 《柳州职业技术学院学报》2014,(2):67-70,113
首先从认知语言学的概念、核心思想、基本理念、发展和应用情况对认知语言学进行了全面的分析,在此基础上研究了认知语言学在翻译实践中所遇到的一些典型问题,提出了以深刻理解文本内容、摆脱字面含义误导,解决词汇、句子、篇章之间的相互矛盾,并以准确重构作者意图为目的,解决翻译过程中文本和意图之间的矛盾,最后对翻译过程中的文学加工创造与内容真实性的问题进行了探索,给出了根据不同文本内容有选择性的进行文学创作的翻译实践方法。 相似文献
13.
Although reading is known to be an important contributor to language abilities, it is not yet well established whether different text genres are uniquely associated with verbal abilities. We examined how exposure to narrative fiction and expository nonfiction predict language ability among university students. Exposure was measured both with self-report and with recognition tests of print exposure. Verbal ability was measured in the form of synonym knowledge, analogies, sentence completion, and reading comprehension in 4 different studies. Across all studies, narrative fiction was a better predictor of verbal abilities relative to expository nonfiction. When examining unique associations, controlling for demographic variables and the other genre, fiction remained a robust predictor, whereas nonfiction became a null or weak negative predictor. In light of this evidence, it appears that what we read plays an important role in how reading contributes to language development. 相似文献
14.
Ritu Dangwal Preeti Kapur 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2009,40(1):5-22
The current paper provides insight into the learning strategies adopted by children working at Minimally Invasive Education (MIE) Learning Stations. Previous research has clearly indicated the attainment of basic computer literacy by groups of young children in the age groups of 7–14 years. This learning takes place due to the emergence and development of group social processes, an aspect crucial for achieving basic computing skills. The paper describes the process of socially shared understanding and learning as being crucial to individual learning. It is to be noted that this approach of socially shared learning does not challenge the analysis of the individual level of processing; it maintains that individual learning is vital in any learning context, but insufficient to build the psychology of learning. MIE research is of the view that young children learn through interaction with others, particularly peers as it provides an important context for social and cognitive learning. For it is in this way that children make sense of their own experience and environment. Hence, schools are not the only privileged sites of learning. 相似文献
15.
语言学中的框架理论强调视角的不同导致语言表达方式的不同。对同一种情景进行描绘时,不同词汇和句法选择,即不同的表达式都会展现出在译者的认知域里想要突出表达的内容。框架理论在翻译现象研究过程里,尤其在不同翻译文本的研究过程中起到了非常大的作用。正于Snell-Hornby所说的,框架视角翻译研究的核心理念是:翻译不是词与词的配对,而是着眼整体、重造格式塔的过程。该文正是基于这一理论,对《牡丹亭》两个译本进行比较研究,看不同译者在不同的视角和见解下如何理解文本内容,重塑人物角色。 相似文献
16.
Fons J.R. van de Vijver 《Educational Research and Evaluation》2013,19(3):215-234
A set of 5 reaction time tests of increasing cognitive complexity were administered to 35 secondary school pupils in Zimbabwe and The Netherlands at 4 consecutive school days in order to explore the existence and nature of cross-cultural differences on reaction time tests measuring basic cognitive operations. No cross-cultural differences were observed on the simple tests, while the Dutch pupils were faster than Zimbabwean pupils on the more complex tests. Zimbabwean pupils showed larger performance increments at retesting. Two Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) subtests (Vocabulary and Digit Span Forward and Backward), a tapping test, and parental socioeconomic status were used to predict the cross-cultural performance differences. Socioeconomic status and digit span could explain all these differences. It is argued that the cross-cultural performance differences on elementary cognitive tests cannot be interpreted at face value because of their susceptibility to non-target factors, such as test understanding and previous test exposure. 相似文献
17.
莫言的《酒国》创作于20世纪90年代初期,是所有作品中“另类”的一部。《酒国》既有对它之前小说的继承,又开辟了一条不同于以往的道路,它放弃了纵向历史认知性叙述,而是选择从横向角度重新塑造一个不同于“高密东北乡”的“酒国”,叙述了在这个神秘的酒国地域中发生的光怪陆离的事件,充分表达了作者对人类发展过程中存在的弱点和问题的态度。 相似文献
18.
Teobaldo Casanova 《Journal of Experimental Education》2013,81(3):165-168
The hypothesis that narrative text structure would be more interesting than expository text structure, and would therefore motivate more learning, was tested using an experimental design. Five classes of secondary school students read a history textbook chapter written in conventional expository style, and another five classes read a narrative version in which the same subject matter was embedded in a story involving fictional characters. All students also received instruction from their teachers. Contrary to prediction, the two groups did not differ significantly on the achievement posttest. Both groups also had similarly positive attitudes toward the text version they read, although in a face-to-face comparison the majority of the students preferred the narrative version. Recommendations for further tests of the hypothesis are offered. 相似文献
19.
Robert F. Lorch Jr. 《Educational Psychology Review》1989,1(3):209-234
Signals are writing devices that emphasize aspects of a text's content or structure without adding to the content of the the text. Findings are reviewed for studies of several different types of signaling devices, including: titles, headings, previews, overviews, summaries, typographical cues, recall sentences, number signals, importance indicators, and summary indicators. Most investigations have examined how the presence of signals in a text affects subsequent memory for the text. Virtually all types of signals produce better memory for information they cue in a text, whereas memory for unsignaled information often is unaffected. Less attention has been directed to signaling effects on other cognitive processes, such as attention, basic reading processes, and comprehension. It is argued that an understanding of how signals influence these processes will contribute to the application of signaling research to reading and writing instruction and to our general understanding of reading. 相似文献