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1.
One of the major focuses of the recent reform movement in education concerns perceived and anticipated teacher shortages, especially in particular fields such as mathematics and science. It is widely believed that lower salaries relative to alternative occupations are responsible for teacher shortages and that higher salaries will therefore help reduce shortages. Yet there is little empirical research that examines the relationship between teacher shortages and teacher salary differentials. This paper examines this relationship for the case of mathematics and science teachers using data on a sample of medium and large school districts located within large metropolitan areas throughout the United States. The results support the general proposition that salary differentials between teachers and alternative occupations influence teacher shortages, although the relationship varies by gender and geographic area of the U.S. 相似文献
2.
David P. Sims 《Economics of Education Review》2011,30(5):1034-1044
Despite a large literature examining the effect of litigation on education finance and student achievement, there is relatively little recent evidence about how extra resources generated by litigation are spent. This paper uses national data to examine the effects of high court finance rulings from 1991 to 2002 on school districts’ education spending: including the categories of capital, plant, and support expenses as well as the teacher wage bill. It also decomposes the latter change into a quantity effect from teacher hiring and a price effect due to increased wages. I find that the largest spending increase comes from salary increases to teachers, with other large increases for hiring more instructors and increasing support spending. Further evidence suggests that the higher salaries are manifest more in an increased experience premium rather than higher salaries for new teacher hires. This evidence helps rationalize the role teachers unions play in supporting, and sometimes originating finance lawsuits. 相似文献
3.
美国中小学教师流动:现状、成本及启示 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
帅晓静 《湖南师范大学教育科学学报》2011,10(4):14-17
美国中小学教师流动现象比较严重,近年来大约有50多万名教师流动。教师的高流动率会影响学校教师队伍的稳定及教育政策的制定,同时高流动也会产生很大的成本,为此美国每年要花费上亿美元的资金来重新招聘、录用和培训替换教师。如何有效地利用资源,降低教师流动率,对美国教师流动成本的分析会给我国教师流动问题的研究以启示作用。 相似文献
4.
This qualitative interview study investigates the Hoover Community Action Agency's Head Start salary policies as described by 3 program administrators and 10 teachers. Feminist theories explain how teachers' and administrators' interpretations of salaries reflect societal beliefs about the value of Head Start teaching. Head Start teachers acknowledge both their low wages and their deep commitment to the Head Start mission. Low- and middle-income teachers differ in how they describe current salary levels: low-income teachers are proactive in salary enhancement efforts and middle-income teachers view salaries as supplemental family income. Agency administrators, while acknowledging the low teacher wages, argue that Head Start employment is more financially lucrative than day care teaching. Administrators cite teacher commitment, not salary, as the best predictor of teacher tenure. 相似文献
5.
教师绩效工资改革的国外研究及其启示 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
随着国外教师工资改革的不断推进,学者对教师绩效工资改革的研究不断拓展和深入。梳理发现,研究内容主要集中在教师工资与教师供给、教师工资与学生产出、教师工资与教师流失以及公立学校和私立学校绩效工资改革对比研究等方面。对国外绩效工资改革的反思,使我们认识到教师工资制度改革必须要与学校组织的变革有机结合;政策制定、实施要努力做到＂程序公平＂;采用合理的评价标准和方式;正确对待绩效工资,将其看作一个持续的工作而不断完善。 相似文献
6.
An Xuehui 《Chinese Education & Society》2018,51(2):103-116
AbstractTeacher salary level and structure are not only important factors affecting the supply of primary and secondary school teachers, but they are also crucial to attracting, training, and retaining high-quality teachers, thereby impacting the overall quality of education and teaching in schools. The reform of China’s basic education management system has ensured the fiscal security and steady increase of rural primary and secondary school teacher salaries and has effectively improved the supply and quality of rural teachers. The objective gap between urban and rural teacher salaries and benefits has, however, led to the one-way mobility of rural teachers, resulting in the loss of quality teachers and giving rise to a structural shortage in rural schools. To improve the supply and quality of teachers in rural areas, it is necessary to effectively and systemically increase rural teachers’ basic salaries and subsidies according to the law. There is the necessity through various channels to raise primary and secondary school teachers’ salaries and benefits, especially subsidy and allowance standards, to eliminate actual variances in teacher salaries. 相似文献
7.
Paying for quality? Associations between private school income,performance and use of resources 
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下载免费PDF全文 Education policy in England has explicitly aimed to remodel state schools in the image of independent, private, schools. However, the body of research evidence on the operation of private schools is very small. Critics have frequently argued that, in contrast to state schools, private schools use resources efficiently because their autonomy gives them freedom to make efficient choices in response to market pressures. We investigated the resource allocation decisions of income private schools using data from their financial accounts. We report the associations of private school spending and performance and teacher and non‐teacher numbers, teacher salaries and regional earnings. Schools with higher fees had more teachers and non‐teachers per pupil, but similar average staff wages to schools with lower income. Yet we found little evidence that achievement was associated with resource use in English private schools. That is, we found no evidence to support the view that financial autonomy enabled flexibility in using resources to promote higher achievement. 相似文献
8.
基于对15位小学数学教师使用教科书水平影响因素的调查发现,教师自身是主要因素,教材观支配着教师的教科书研究意识,一定的教龄和教科书执教经验是必要条件,教师对“学生现实”的准确判断以及高水平的学科素养是创造性使用教科书的前提。完善的教师考核机制与教研体制是教师提高教科书使用水平的动力,丰富的配套课程教学资源以及出版单位高质量的教材培训则是教师提高教科书使用水平的重要保障。 相似文献
9.
As was true for many school districts across the United States during the early decades of the twentieth century, Houston Independent School District sought modernization through a multimillion dollar building program and curricular reform. Houston's new course of study, heavily influenced by the theories of child-centered pedagogy, received widespread praise from curricular experts at the nation's top schools of education. In the 1920s, Houston was a segregated, southern city that, in many ways, shared the conservatism of the region. Nevertheless, Houston's superintendent, E.E. Oberholtzer, was able to overcome resistance from taxpayers and teachers to successfully implement his program. Corporate élites from the petroleum industry, among the biggest boosters of progressive educational reform in Houston, believed that a child-centered curriculum would develop the leadership skills and creative ability needed to train white-collar workers for the expanding economy. Those left behind, primarily students of color, were further disadvantaged in the changing job market. Jim Crow was an essential component to the success of the reform policies in Houston. As twenty-five per cent of the population, African-American students deserved twenty-five per cent of the district's revenues. Segregation allowed the district to use almost one hundred per cent of the money for curriculum reform on only seventy-five per cent of the population. Nevertheless, Houston manufacturers were dependent on unskilled black labor and were hit hard by the exodus of the Great Migration. Thus, corporate élites could not be too blatant in their discrimination against African-Americans. The pro-industry school board responded to the threats of migration and the demands of Houston's vociferous black press by building two new modern African-American high schools, refurbishing "Old Colored High School," and vastly improving the number and condition of elementary schools for black children. Yet, although these new schools did represent a vast improvement over black education before Oberholtzer's arrival in Houston, in the face of massive expenditures and dramatic improvements in white education, the material gains of black students lagged far behind the educational opportunities for white students. While the new, child-centered curriculum excluded black students (except for the heroic efforts of individual black educators), curriculum development excluded the vast majority of teachers. White teachers lost considerable power over pedagogical decisions in their own classrooms as they faced onerous, top-down directives. The district maintained control over teacher education by opening a junior college in 1927 to train white teachers according to the new pedagogy. Many white teachers resented the district's efforts to tie salary raises to increased educational qualifications, even for experienced teachers. In 1928 conflicts with the superintendent contributed to the growth of new memberships in the all-white Houston Teachers Association. In response, the school district passed a significant salary increase for white teachers that was funded partially by reducing the automatic annual increases in black teacher salaries. Intense job competition within African-American schools kept black teachers from protesting their discriminatory salaries and treatment. Ironically, many black teachers, excluded from training in child-centered pedagogy, welcomed additional educational opportunities. Black teachers themselves fought for the creation of Houston Junior College for Negroes, although the new college failed to receive adequate funding. Thus, the school administration modernized white schools by denying new educational opportunities to black students and teachers. While many scholars have criticized the supposed "advantages" of progressive education, in Houston, at least, progressivism operated as another form of unearned white privilege. 相似文献
10.
This paper analyzes changes in the teacher salary schedules of Michigan school districts between 1970 and 1980. We find that starting salaries, expressed in 1970 dollars, decreased by an average of 20% over the decade. Real maximum salaries decreased by 15%. The between-district variability of starting salaries increased markedly over the decade, making the average starting salary a much poorer estimate of the starting salary a particular teacher earned in 1980 than was the case in 1970. The between-district variability of maximum salaries did not increase over the decade. Student enrollment changes were a significant predictor of the changes in maximum salaries. Districts that experienced the greatest percentage losses in students tended to experience the greatest declines in real maximum salaries. Student enrollment changes were also related to changes in starting salaries, but the relationship was more complex. 相似文献
11.
农村中小学教师工资与教师队伍稳定性、师资质量、教育均衡发展及社会收入分配正义等问题密切相关,因此备受社会关注。基于甘肃省基础教育调查数据,运用方差分析和回归分析,本文分析了甘肃农村教师收入差异的表现形式和工资结构。研究发现,甘肃农村教师收入差异表现形式多样且要素结构复杂。 相似文献
12.
This study presents the literature’s first estimates of the effect of teacher pay on the distribution of experience among teachers hired by public school districts. Overall, a 1% increase in base salary for teachers of a particular experience level increases the proportion of the targeted teachers hired by 0.04–0.08 percentage points. Pay increases have the largest effect on hire rates among teachers with 2–3 years of experience and the effect diminishes with experience. I show that higher teacher salaries provide a dual benefit of retaining and attracting a more effective distribution of teachers. Districts may also improve student achievement growth at no cost by reshaping their salary schedules so that they are increasing and concave in teacher experience. 相似文献
13.
赖德信 《高等师范教育研究》2014,(1):54-61
本文通过多元Logit回归模型对北京市中小学教师收入的影响因素进行了实证分析。研究结果表明,中小学教师内部存在明显的收入差异;教师教龄、职称、荣誉称号、行政职务、班主任岗位、学校办学质量、学校所处地理位置以及办学层级对教师收入影响显著。在研究结果基础上提出：要提高中小学校班主任津贴补助;优化校内津贴分配制度,平衡学校中层干部与普通教师的工资差距;建立公平的教育资源分配制度,缩小教师收入的城乡差异和校际差异;调整工资结构,进一步强化国家和省（市）政府教师工资统筹的责任。 相似文献
14.
Most public school districts in the United States use a salary schedule to determine compensation for teachers within the district. However, some school districts have implemented incentive pay schemes that allow flexibility at the school or even individual teacher level. These compensation schemes in some ways may more closely approximate a competitive labor market. This study examines the factors that influence a district's decision to offer incentive pay using districts from the 1999 to 2000 Schools and Staffing Survey. The results suggest that school districts that face barriers to recruitment or retention and districts that face competition from non-sectarian private schools are more likely to offer incentive pay. 相似文献
15.
Yueming Jia Niobe Way Guangming Ling Hirokazu Yoshikawa Xinyin Chen Diane Hughes Xiaoyan Ke Zuhong Lu 《Child development》2009,80(5):1514-1530
This study explored students' perceptions of 3 dimensions of school climate (teacher support, student–student support, and opportunities for autonomy in the classroom) and the associations between these dimensions and adolescent psychological and academic adjustment in China and the United States. Data were drawn from 2 studies involving 706 middle school students ( M = 12.26) from Nanjing, China, and 709 middle school students ( M = 12.36) from New York City. Findings revealed that students in China perceived higher levels of teacher support, student–student support, and opportunities for autonomy in the classroom than students in the United States. Furthermore, students' perceptions of teacher support and student–student support were positively associated with adolescents' self-esteem and grade point average but negatively associated with depressive symptoms for both Chinese and American adolescents. 相似文献
16.
20世纪80年代末以来,对代课教师的不断聘用与坚决清退政策同时或交替运用的矛盾现象成为我国基础教育尤其是农村地区教育发展中比较突出的一个问题。代课教师管理存在于各国、各地区的各类学校,在我国,代课教师尤其特殊地位和功能。规范代课教师管理制度,建立代课教师人才备用库并合理稳妥地清退不合格代课教师,建立灵活的代课教师聘用制度是解决我国基础教育发展中教师地区性和结构性短缺的问题,从而为基础教育可持续发展提供强有力教师资源的有效策略。 相似文献
17.
For more than a decade, the Government of Hong Kong has instituted a policy of school decentralization aimed at devolving
authority to all stakeholders, including the representatives of School Sponsoring Bodies, principals, teachers, parents, and
community members. This study examines the relative contribution of two dimensions of school decentralization – teacher participation
and school autonomy – to students' mathematics performance, and examines the role of school climate as a mediating variable
between decentralization and performance. Data for the present study come from the second cycle of the Programme for International
Student Assessment (PISA 2003), which is a large international assessment measuring 15-year-old students' literacy performance
across over 40 countries and regions around the world. Using multi-level analysis, the study finds that teacher participation
is more important than school autonomy for student mathematics performance in Hong Kong. In addition, the effect of teacher
participation on students' performance is mediated by four major school climatic factors – sense of belonging, disciplinary
climate, students' morale and student behaviour – in Hong Kong's secondary schools. 相似文献
18.
Community participation in school management—and in hiring and firing of teachers in particular—has been actively advocated as an effective reform to improve school and teacher accountability in the Global South. This paper examines whether such reform functions in practice as suggested in theory, drawing on the findings of a case study of community schools in rural Zambia. Using the concept of the ‘context of practice’, efforts have been made to understand the local meanings of community participation in school management rather than that of the central government or development partners. Such analysis illuminates the important roles that local economic and cultural capital, complex cultural norms and unexpected micro politics play in shaping the way parents and communities are actually willing and able to participate in school management, and how these issues influence school and teacher accountability. The findings also underscore the difficulty that teachers face when attempting to respond to the local demands, especially in the context of grossly inadequate resources being allocated to them by the state. The paper concludes by arguing, first, that community management of schools in Zambia was an unfunded and unclear policy that shifted financial responsibility to already marginalized rural communities and, second, that direct hiring relationships between parents and teachers will dilute the importance of the political accountability of the state to ensure quality education for all. 相似文献
19.
Brad Gobby Amanda Keddie Jill Blackmore 《Journal of educational administration and history》2018,50(3):159-173
Discourses promoting the benefits of school autonomy have floated freely internationally since moves in the 1980s to greater devolution in the UK, New Zealand, the USA, Australia and Sweden. The most recent Australian version, Independent Public Schools (IPS), grants school leaders more latitude over aspects of their work. But this autonomy is constrained by technologies of competitive performativity, now the norm across Australian and other school systems. Entrepreneurial policies focused on competition, compliance and improved performance make schools, their leaders and teachers, more responsible to external accountabilities. At the same time, autonomy is creatively exercised by leaders due to public service orientations associated with traditional teacher professionalism. This analysis of two Australian case studies of IPS, a secondary school in Queensland and a primary school in Western Australia, illustrates how school leaders navigate conflicting demands of the audit and performance culture by exercising autonomy according to differing notions of professional responsibility, disrupting and moderating the more inequitable priorities and effects prevalent in many performative systems. 相似文献
20.
B. Ives M. Alama C.L. Mosora 《Educational research; a review for teachers and all concerned with progress in education》2013,55(1):53-70
Background Budgets for teacher education programmes have been substantially reduced as a result of the global economic crisis. Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the teacher education budget cutting processes and procedures for universities in Romania versus one university in the United States. Sample The data were collected from six Romanian universities that all have teacher education programmes. These universities represent the range of higher education quality in the country as indicated by their publication rates. Data from these universities were compared with those from the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR). UNR is the flagship university in the Nevada System of Higher Education, and Nevada has been harder hit by the recent global economic crisis than any other state in the United States and cuts to teacher education there have been substantial. Design and methods Data about the budget cutting processes and decisions in the teacher education programmes of six Romanian universities were collected through an electronic survey. These data were compared with the processes and decisions made at the UNR. Results The budget cutting processes in Romania were less transparent, and involved less input from stakeholders such as faculty and staff. Most decisions were made at a higher level of authority in Romania, and cuts in Romania were more likely to be across the board rather than more strategically targeted as they were in Nevada. Conclusions These differences are discussed in terms of the historical legacy of structures and policies in Romania, and the resistance to reform inherent in those structures and policies. 相似文献