共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
张佩 《连云港师范高等专科学校学报》1996,(2)
凡是能感受刺激,并转变为传入神经冲动的装置,统称为感受器。各种性质的刺激都必须转变为神经信号,才能向中枢传递,而这种最初的转变作用就称为换能作用。各群感受器换能作用机制可分为三类:即化学的、机械的和光的换能变化。 相似文献
2.
李林 《第二课堂(小学)》2005,(1)
1.对水平衡的调节下丘脑中的饮水中枢和神经分泌细胞(能产生激素)来调节水的平衡,具体调节过程如下: 当人饮水不足,体内失水过多,或吃的食物过咸时,细胞外液渗透压升高,刺激下丘脑的渗透压感受器。一方面产生神经冲动,传到饮水中枢,产生兴奋,作作于大脑皮层,产生渴觉,饮水;另一方面刺激下丘脑神经分泌细胞产生,由垂体后叶释放的抗利尿激素增多,促使肾小管、集合管重吸收水分增多,导致尿量减少,从而使细胞外液渗透压下降。当饮水过多或盐丢失过多,下丘脑渗透压感受器刺激减弱,导致抗利尿激素分泌减少,肾脏排水增多,使细胞外液渗透压升高。 相似文献
3.
一兴奋,在外界物体的动因刺激感受器的时候,进入大脑皮层,由於它在头脑里再生物体完整的形象,予以感受器相互的影响,这样按其不同的性质作用於感受器。 相似文献
4.
目的观察牵拉刺激（刺激强度）及其它实验因素对肌梭放电频率的影响。方法制备蟾蜍离体坐骨神经-缝匠肌标本,用BL-420生物机能系统记录牵拉刺激及实验因素对肌梭传入放电活动的影响。结果牵拉刺激增强,肌梭的传入放电频率增加;牵拉力度相同时,快速牵拉较缓慢牵拉引发更多的肌梭放电。结论肌梭是肌肉长度感受器,有快适应和慢适应两种现象,其敏感性受肌肉长度及温度的影响。 相似文献
5.
整个听觉系(包括外周感受器和中枢分析器)是一个机械声学--神经生物学系统.听觉过程包括声→电→化学→电→神经冲动→中枢信息等环节. 相似文献
6.
皮肤是人体最大的器官。它有着许多的功能,包括防止病毒的侵入,并且还能提供周围环境中的重要信息。皮肤是通过数百万感受器细胞来实现这些作用的。那些感受器细胞可以感受到不同类型的刺激——从轻微的触碰到尖 相似文献
7.
估算对单项选择题的猜测几率──费希纳定律的应用曾润生德国心理学家Ｇ·Ｔ费希纳（１８０１—１８８７）研究人体对外界刺激的反应量与该刺激的强度间的关系时，曾认为：反应量的微分正比于刺激强度的微分而反比于刺激强度。现在，我们可把选择题中的供选项视为一种对考... 相似文献
8.
从学习控制论的角度看,语文学习的心理活动过程由三个阶段构成,即内化、外化与强化阶段,或者说知识刺激阶段、思维操作阶段与言语表达阶段。学习刺激（提示学习目标）由感受器传输给脑神经,形成认知结构（S─O）,认知结构的变化引起了相应的机能行为（O-R）, 相似文献
9.
10.
例1 在一个以肌肉为效应器的反射弧中,如果传出神经受到损伤,而其他部分正常,感受器受到刺激后将表现为( ). 相似文献
11.
Donald E. McMillan 《Learning & behavior》1989,17(1):113-117
Discriminative stimuli produced by drugs control behavior in the same way as exteroceptive discriminative stimuli control behavior, despite the difficulty in controlling the intensity of the discriminative stimulus properties of drugs throughout test sessions. In recent years, many investigators have correlated the potency of drugs as discriminative stimuli, with their affinity for specific pharmacological receptors. High correlations have been interpreted as evidence that the discriminative stimulus properties of drugs are mediated by these specific pharmacological receptors. However, the relationship between discriminative stimulus potency and receptor affinity can be confounded by other pharmacological effects of drugs, such as their ability to produce position responding, and by behavioral variables, such as the schedule of reinforcement under which the drug discrimination is established and measured. 相似文献
12.
Janet Strayer 《Child development》1993,64(1):188-201
Children's emotional and cognitive responses to observed scenarios were examined in 2 studies ( N = 138 5–13-year-olds) investigating hypothesized developments in concordant emotion with stimulus persons, cognitive attributions for these emotions, and the effects of emotional intensity in self and stimulus persons. Results across studies confirmed age-related increases in children's emotional and cognitive responses. There were limited increases with age in concordant emotion, and continuous increases in the frequency and kinds of attributions explaining such emotion. Results also confirmed a model ordering expected developments in children's emotion attributions. As expected, stimulus persons' emotional intensity correlated with children's emotion intensity and affect match. However, as expected, empathy with others was lower when children's own intensity was higher than stimulus persons'. Present findings contribute to investigations of children's understanding of emotions and have implications for developmental studies of empathy. 相似文献
13.
Charles Lawrence 《Learning & behavior》1973,1(1):60-64
Two groups of four pigeons each were trained on a discrimination between two intensities of white noise. The low-intensity group had a 60-dB intensity as the negative discriminative stimulus (S?) and a 70-dB intensity as the positive discriminative stimulus (S+): the high-intensity group had a 95-dB intensity as S? and an 85-dB intensity as S+. Generalization stimuli were all of higher intensity than S+ for the former group and all of lower intensity than S+ for the latter group. The rate of acquisition of the discrimination was faster for the Ss in the high-intensity group. In both groups, the maximum of the generalization function was shifted toward the middle values of the set of test stimuli, away from the training stimuli. Responding showed a decline at the far end of the range of test stimuli. Responding to the positive training stimulus was initially as great as it had been on the preceding training sessions, but became markedly depressed relative to responding to the other stimuli as the test progressed. 相似文献
14.
After quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) experienced a toxicosis following ingestion of water colored dark blue or light blue, the stimulus generalization of the aversion to light, medium, and dark blue water was investigated. Birds made ill following ingestion of dark blue water demonstrated a reduced aversion when tested with intensities of blue water weaker than the conditioning intensity. Birds made ill following ingestion of light blue water showed stronger aversions as a function of increasing test intensity, suggesting a stimulus intensity dynamism effect. The stimulus generalization and stimulus-intensity dynamism effects observed in this study where visual cues were used is in agreement with other results within the illness-induced aversions paradigm where rats were tested with varying concentrations of a gustatory stimulus. 相似文献
15.
Conditioning-specific reflex modification (CRM) of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response (NMR) describes changes in responding
to an unconditioned stimulus (US) when the rabbit is tested in the absence of the conditioned stimulus. Specifically, after
at least 3 days of tone-electrical stimulation pairings, responses to the US increase in size, especially at intensities weaker
than the training intensity. CRM is similar to classical conditioning in that it is a function of the strength of conditioning,
it can be extinguished, and it can be generalized from one stimulus to another. To compare CRM and classical conditioning
further, we conducted three experiments to examine the effects of US intensity (1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mA) on CRM. CRM was weak
following conditioning with 1.0 mA and extremely strong following conditioning with 2.0 mA and 4.0 mA. The data suggest that
CRM is a function of US intensity and have implications for posttraumatic stress disorder, a disorder potentially modeled
by CRM. 相似文献
16.
Brett E. Polenchar Anthony G. Romano Joseph E. Steinmetz Michael M. Patterson 《Learning & behavior》1984,12(1):69-72
Unconditioned stimulus (US) intensity and duration were manipulated to determine their effects on cat hindlimb flexion conditioning. Seven consecutive days of acquisition training of a hindlimb flexor response to a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) were followed by 2 days of extinction. Eight animals in each of 12 groups received a 1-, 2-, 3-, or 4-mA, 60-Hz shock delivered to the right hindleg for 25, 50, or 100 msec as the US. Analysis of conditioned-response (CR) frequency indicated that conditioned responding was a positive function of both the intensity and duration of shock, although these variables did not interact with one another. CR latency and amplitude were decreased and increased, respectively, by increases in US intensity. The pattern of results reported here may support a contiguity notion of conditioning, and are discussed in the context of other conditioning preparations. 相似文献
17.
Linda A. Pinckney 《Learning & behavior》1976,4(4):467-472
In Experiment 1, three groups of rats received a tactile prepulse 0.5, 1, or 2 mA electric shock (to feet) .25, .5, 1, 5, 10, or 20 sec prior to an acoustic startle stimulus. The startle response was, maximally inhibited at the .25-sec interval and gradually recovered thereafter. Inhibition was larger with the intense stimuli, and for the .5-mA stimulus occurred reliably only in animals which responded to the prestimulus. In Experiment 2, the intensity of the prepulse was varied within subjects at intervals of .5, 1, and 2 sec. Inhibition was directly related to prestimulus intensity and was greatest at .5 sec. In Experiment 3, an EMG measure of startle reactivity allowed the use of shorter intervals. The maximal inhibitory interval between the prestimulus and startle stimulus was 40 msec compared with either a shorter 10-msec or a longer 250-msec separation. 相似文献
18.
Four groups of 16 rats were trained in a go-no go discrimination with symmetrical negative reinforcement (active-passive avoidance task). A 2 by 2 design was used with stimulus combinations as one factor [light-go, noise/light-no go, (L+ NL?) vs noise-go, light/noise-no go (N+ LN?)] and noise intensity as the other factor (90 dB, high, vs 70 dB, low). The two N+ LN? groups learned both active and passive avoidance responses much more rapidly than the L+ NL? groups. In later phases of training, high noise intensity facilitated passive avoidance in the L+ NL? condition and exerted a slight effect in the opposite direction in the other condition. While the differences in active avoidance learning were the same as in previous work on light and noise CSs, the interactions between stimuli of different modalities appeared to be more important than stimulus modality or stimulus intensity per se in determining rate of passive avoidance learning. 相似文献
19.
Two goldfish were reinforced for responding in the presence of a compound S+ consisting of a bright light and a loud sound. S? compounds differed from the S+ with respect to light intensity, sound intensity, or both. Responding in the presence of each compound was evaluated according to several alternative models of stimulus combination. The results permit rejection of some hypotheses concerning integrative processing in the goldfish. 相似文献
20.
王耀华 《河北能源职业技术学院学报》2003,3(1):77-78
在静电场中，电场强度和电势是描述电场性质的两个物理量。由于电场强度是矢量，电势是标量。用电势来分析、研究静电场就会显得简便。因此，对电势的概念的理解和电势的计算也就成了电磁学的主要内容之一。 相似文献