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John Leslie King 《The Information Society》2013,29(2):97-99
Abstract During the Industrial Revolution, manufacturing and related commercial activities led to the evolution of “dense cores” of heavily populated areas. Fundamental to the operation of these industrial‐commercial cores was the development of service activities—banking, risk‐bearing, legal services—which depended on rapid exchange of information or quick “cycle times of information” for effective decision making and allocation of resources. As these cores radiate resources away from the central body toward less populated areas, the need for short cycle times of information in rural areas has become apparent. For example, modem agriculture is an enterprise that requires short time cycles of information exchange. The technology for building computer‐based information networks to facilitate the desired rapid transfer of information exists. However, the installation of hardware linked by reliable, cost‐effective communications networks is only in the beginning stages. One computer‐based information network that has successfully met the challenges of rapid transfer of agricultural management information to farmers is the University of Nebraska's AGNET system. 相似文献
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The paper draws upon a national study to analyze two issues relevant to the future effectiveness of the American agricultural technology system: (1) linkages between research and technology transfer activities; and (2) relationships between the public and private sectors. Increased commitments to basic research by the US Department of Agriculture and the state agricultural experiment stations have served to exacerbate existing strains between research and technology transfer functions and units. Both the feasibility and desirability of having USDA's Agricultural Research Service simultaneously seek to strengthen its basic research capabilities and its commitment to technology transfer have been questioned. Within the landgrant universities, multiple pressures have served to attenuate traditional ties among agricultural researchers, extension specialists, and county extension agents.Private sector activity in agricultural research and the provision of technical information has increased following the expansion in the domains of knowledge over which firms can establish property rights and the concentration of production in a smaller number of economic units. Adjustments in the activities of the public sector in response to these changes can be seen. Still, the optimal mix of public-private sector activities in both research and technology transfer has yet to be fully analyzed. Current analyses (and public policy) are excessively constrained by the “property rights” approach to technological change. 相似文献
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【目的/意义】为促进我国数字经济发展,提升信息服务业对经济社会发展的服务支撑能力。【方法/过程】利用2012年、2015年和2017年中国投入产出表,构建信息服务业与国民经济各部门的投入产出模型,实证研究信息服务业与各部门之间的依存关系及其对经济发展的作用。【结论/结果】信息服务业的产业关联范围广泛,与第三产业的直接联系较为紧密,而与第二产业具有较强的间接联系。信息服务业对经济发展的拉动力和推动力均低于各部门平均水平,属于弱辐射力弱制约力的部门。根据研究结论,提出优化供给结构、推动产业融合发展以及加强信息人才培养的政策建议。 相似文献
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资源的循环特征与循环经济政策 总被引：42，自引：3，他引：42
世界经济的持续增长带来的"资源危机"或"资源安全"问题,促使人们寻求资源集约型经济和循环经济的新理念.本文旨从对资源循环特征的分析出发,探讨了资源循环利用与资源产品链之间的相互关系,提出了资源流动、资源循环利用与循环经济理论的科学内涵,指出了发达国家政府实现循环经济的宏观调控政策和手段.作者认为资源之所以能够循环利用是由资源产品链特性所决定的,资源的循环利用具体表现为循环经济活动过程,并通过闭环的资源流动来实现,任何资源都不会成为废物无限期地积累在环境中,而总是处于特定的和永久的循环中,它们的存在形式却在不断地发生变化.资源循环利用是实现循环经济的最重要的手段之一,可以通过"3R"提高资源的利用效率.循环经济理念是基于资源开发技术的创新,是资源利用方式的一种变革.资源循环利用在循环经济活动中具体体现为产业、区域和社会三个重要层面.作者还建议制定和完善有利于资源循环利用的法律体系,优惠的资源再生和回收利用经济政策,充分发挥社会中介组织在资源循环利用方面的积极作用,鼓励社会公众广泛参与并以实际行动加入到资源循环利用活动中来. 相似文献
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《国际创新研究学报(英文)》2023,7(1):32-46
This study aims to investigate the main factors driving technological innovation within firms in the manufacturing and service sectors of the Czech Republic. We apply a binary logistic regression model to cross-sectional data from 502 firms, obtained from the World Bank Enterprise Survey. The results of our empirical investigation show that certain elements of the business environment, such as the tax rate, serve as significant obstacles to firms’ product innovations. The results also confirm that international technological linkages—measured by international quality certificates and foreign technology licenses—affect technological innovations. Moreover, we found that internal R&D activities positively impact technological innovation across all sectors; contrarily, we found that process innovation in the manufacturing sector is positively influenced by foreign technology licenses and business association membership. Process innovations in the service sector are positively correlated with external R&D and financing from banking institutions. Finally, business association membership does not positively influence technological innovation in the service sector. Our findings have salient implications for firm managers, policymakers, and scholars aiming to explore and improve innovation outcomes in transitional economies. 相似文献
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The study examines selected roles of the information sector in the national economy. Among the findings are the following: (1) the information sector conducts relatively little international trade, in comparison to its domestic activity. Roughly 12% of U.S. exports are attributable to the information sector; over 97% of the sector's output is sold within the U.S.; and the sector's exports account for only a small fraction of 1% of GNP. (2) The historical pattern of employment shows that the portion of information workers has risen from 8% of the U.S. work force in 1870 to 41% in 1970. Relatively little of this growth is the result of new technological innovations such as telephones, radio, television and, more recently, computers. Rather, the growth of public and private bureaucracies, which now total 26% of our total work force, largely explains the growth of the sector. (3) Unemployment within the information sector has consistently been lower than in either the manufacturing or agricultural sectors of the national economy. (4) Since 1967, the high technology elements of the information sector, such as electronic components, computers and telecommunications equipment have experienced appreciably less price rise than has the economy as a whole. However, over the same time period, the service elements of the sector, including finance and insurance, education and medical care, have experienced greater rates of inflation than has the economy as a whole. 相似文献
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服务化是在我国实体产业发展出现困局的当下产业升级之路，本文将从“营改增”的准自然实验角度出发分析税制改革对工业企业服务创新的影响，尽管“营改增”在学术界内普遍被认为是为服务业发展松绑之举，但由于行业市场供需弹性以及税收转嫁等问题，不同产业部门内营改增对于企业涉足服务业的影响程度存在差异，本文通过选取我国上市制造企业在2012税改省际试点的前后期间几个季度的平衡面板数据进行的双重差分检验，实证研究结果证实在试点省内企业服务化程度受税改的促进作用更甚，且不同行业部门内税改对试点组与对照组企业的影响差异也是不同的。 相似文献
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美国"再工业化"的实现路径突出高端制造业核心创新优势,将产业结构升级建立在创新的基础上。增强美国创新型经济增长动力的核心着力点在于,推动和发展高端制造业创新所需的技术资源、资本资源、人才资源、机制资源等高级生产要素以市场为导向发生配置结构的不断投入和革新,在高级生产要素配置结构的创造重组中发挥创新优势能够助力美国抢占并保持高端制造业的技术领先、研发领先和制造领先地位,实现驱动新一轮的经济增长周期。我国"高增长、低创新"的制造业要实现"创新驱动增长"之路仍然漫长,这意味着我国当前更应着力对高级生产要素这一类创新资源的投入配置,并调整制造业内部市场结构,为期待来临的大规模高技术创新做好充足筹谋,从而提升我国制造业技术创新资源体系发展水平。 相似文献
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Economic policy in Hong Kong is frequently cited as a shining example of the laissez‐faire model for development, with minimal government intervention. However, the government has played a bigger role in the economy than is often recognized, responding to market failures, social problems, and the needs of the business community. Information technology (IT) policy in Hong Kong has mirrored the colony's laissez‐faire economic strategy, with little government effort to promote the production or use of IT products and services. Hong Kong has become an advanced user of IT in several economic sectors and an assembly site for personal computer hardware. However, like much of the manufacturing sector, the computer industry is moving much of its production to China, causing concern about the future of Hong Kong's economy. While some people feel that Hong Kong can flourish as a financial and business services center, others feel that this role will be diminished as the Chinese economy liberalizes and other centers develop in mainland China. They argue that Hong Kong needs to upgrade its technological capabilities and develop technology‐intensive activities such as R&D and software development to complement China's manufacturing activities. The government has begun to respond with limited measures to encourage R&D, train more scientists, engineers, and managers, and support technology start‐ups. Hong Kong has the potential to develop software and information services industries to serve the Chinese market. It also can apply IT to other sectors to maintain its leadership as a financial, business services, transportation, and communications center. 相似文献
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当前,随着经济全球化和信息网络化的迅猛发展,世界信息通信业正面临前所未有的机遇与挑战。我国信息产业持续增长,已成为我国国民经济增长中最重要的力量,由于产业内部结构不均衡,地区差异显著;信息资源开发滞后,应用和普及的程度还不高;技术力量严重分散,难以形成优势;通信业在应急通信保障能力需改进,应变措施有很多不适应的地方;价格欺诈的问题十分突出,严重损害了消费者利益等问题,为此,提出了发展对策。 相似文献
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This paper, using Thailand as a case study, aims at understanding the national innovation system (NIS) in developing countries which are less successful in technological catching-up. In contrast to developed countries, the development level of Thailand’s NIS does not link to its economic structural development level. As Thailand moves from agricultural to an increasingly industrial economy, its NIS remains weak and fragmented. The mismatch between the two affected Thailand’s competitiveness and partially contributed to the recent economic crisis. Studies of NIS in countries like Thailand should focus on factors contributing to the long-running perpetuation of weak and fragmented NIS. 相似文献
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一般认为,通过服务化构建产品差异是企业未来发展的方向。但现有的文献较少考虑到服务化战略开展的环境匹配问题。本研究尝试从组织生态角度分析各种环境因素对中国企业服务化战略的影响。本文的研究增进了研究者对于中国服务化战略推进的认知,为决策层制定推进我国制造业向服务化方向发展的相关政策提供了建议。 相似文献
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随着全球经济的繁荣,在经济增长的同时,也出现了一些新的问题,例如环境污染、资源耗竭、全球变暖、冰川融化等问题,这是经济发展中的瓶颈。如何保证全球经济及自身经济可持续发展已成为各个国家应该首要解决的问题。用成本效益分析理论来分析低碳经济,既考虑国家经济发展的自身利益,又考虑必须承担的成本。研究结果认为低碳经济惠及全世界,在短期中会对新兴经济体的增长造成一定的影响,但长期中是有效率的,其有利于发展中国家及新兴经济体的长远发展。 相似文献
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通过总结世界各国信息产业形成和发展的经验与教训,对比中国信息产业成长的各种条件和现实状况,运用马克思主义基本原理和方法,吸收前人的研究成果,主要从经济学角度,对中国信息产业的形成过程、功能作用、结构组织、运行机制、变化规律、管理体制、经济效益、发展战略以及政策制定等各个方面进行了比较全面的论述,并且在此基础上对如何根据中国的国情,发展各级各类信息产业,提出了具体的政策建议和改革思路,努力把理论与实践结合在一起,初步形成了一门新兴边缘学科——信息产业经济学的理论框架和结构体系,试图在我国经济学和信息学总体科学体系已分化出产业经济学等各个分支学科中,再增添一个信息经济学的内容。 相似文献
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江苏省制造业可持续发展能力的实证研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文建立了江苏制造业资源依赖的实证模型,分析了目前江苏省制造业在其发展过程中面临的资源约束问题.该模型进一步证实了资源约束以及由此引发的环境问题,已经是江苏省发展制造业面临的严峻问题.文章在分析江苏省制造业可持续发展远景时,从产业分类的角度即劳动密集型、技术密集型以及资本密集型制造业入手,具体探讨了行业的经济和环境状况,对不同类型以及不同特性的行业的可持续发展状况进行了更为清晰的研究,并针对江苏省制造业资源约束和可持续发展现状以及面临的问题,阐述了涉及产业升级、技术创新、环境保护和配套人才等产业政策选择. 相似文献
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生产者服务业脱胎于制造业母体并服务于制造业,两者分离的经济动因是成本优势,分离的表现形式是生产者服务业外包,产业主体地位关系演变形成各种产业关联状态。由于我国目前生产者服务业与制造业的互动发展态势明显,文章提出了基于国内市场的具有核心竞争力的完整NVC构建,以及发挥基于嵌入GVC习得的专业分工杠杆效应,建立NVC和GVC无缝链接的发展路径构想。 相似文献
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大城市郊区农户要素投入特征及差异分析——以北京市平谷区为例 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
农户生产要素投入的方向和强度不仅反映了农户的经济行为特征，也在一定程度上决定了区域农业的发展方向。本文以北京市平谷区2003年的116个农户调查问卷为基础，对大城市郊区农户生产要素投入特征及其差异进行了分析。结果表明，由于预期收益不同，农户在各产业的劳动力投入数量、质量、物质投入水平和组合结构具有很大差异。在劳动力质量和数量投入方面，根据建立的劳动力质量投入模型进行计算，平谷区农户劳动力质量投入水平非农产业要高于农业产业，经济作物要高于大田作物，具体从高到低的顺序依次是非农产业、其他经济作物、畜牧业、菜地、果园、大田作物，同时劳动力从农业向非农产业、在农业内部从大田作物向经济作物转移的趋势明显；在农户物质投入水平和组合结构方面，资本投入水平从高到低的顺序是：果园、菜地、大田，要素投入组合结构从好到差的顺序是：菜地、果园、大田，两个排序中经济作物都要高于或好于大田作物。分析认为稳定市场预期对于大城市郊区农业的健康发展具有十分重要的意义。 相似文献
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The relationship of technology policy to economic and industrial development has become a subject of debate between those who argue that market forces should determine how technology is produced and used and those who believe that government has a role in supporting investment in technology use and the development of high‐technology industries. This article looks at the effects of national technology policy in promoting the production of computer hardware and software in Asia‐Pacific countries during the 1980s. It also analyzes the relationship between various environmental factors and computer production and looks at the interaction between environment and policy. It finds three types of environmental factors associated with level of computer production: human resources, in the form of scientists and engineers; the presence of complementary industries, particularly electronics production; and expenditures on research and development. It also finds that hardware production is higher in countries with national computer plans but that software production does not appear to be associated with efforts by the government to promote the computer industry. 相似文献
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基于1996年至2016年的我国省际面板数据,本文聚焦产业要素集聚视角研究高技术产业创新能力的来源,利用莫兰指数(Moran′s I)进行空间相关检验,通过LM等系列检验确定本研究采用空间杜宾模型。结论指出：（1）总体来看我国高技术产业创新能力具有显著的空间集聚特点,创新能力存在区域间的空间正相关;（2）劳动、技术、人才、规模等要素集聚及税收优惠政策都对地区内高技术产业各阶段创新能力发展具有积极作用,资本集聚对产业创新转化存在逆向作用;（3）FDI和政策支持都对我国高技术产业总体创新能力存在约束,原因是FDI与政府资金目的导向差异性所致。 相似文献