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1.
Gaps and Bits: Conceptualizing Measurements for Digital Divide/s 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Karine Barzilai-Nahon 《The Information Society》2006,22(5):269-278
Three arguments are raised in this article with regard to the indices used to measure the digital divide. First, I criticize policymakers who rely on simplistic measures of the digital divide, at the expense of a thoughtful analysis of (1) the purpose of the tool, (2) the level of observation, and (3) the method of approaching the data. Second, I argue that networks and associated technologies are not neutral artifacts but are political and social spaces in their structure as well as in their content levels. Accordingly, we need to factor in the context as an important actor in conceptualizing and measuring the digital divide. Third, two general types of indices are used for the measurement of the digital divide(s): focused monotopical indices and comprehensive indices. Monotopical indices are more widely available, while comprehensive ones are rare. I argue that policymakers need to promote comprehensive indices over monotopical indices. Finally, I present a conceptual definition of the digital divide and a framework for developing a comprehensive index to measure it. 相似文献
2.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(2):165-177
Abstract This paper is concerned with the scope for developing countries to benefit from the Internet in non‐synchronous ways that is, in cases where some delay is involved in the delivery of information, as compared with the real‐time alternative used in developed countries. The first part of the paper draws on insights from Becker and others, to argue that poor people in poor countries are wont to exchange (relatively abundant) time for reductions in the cost of Internet use. The second part of the paper then examines whether such time‐intensive products actually exist and to the extent they do, how the required degree of cost reductions are effected in practice. I conclude that time‐intensive Internet technology represents a highly promising opportunity for developing countries to close the digital divide, an opportunity that warrants serious academic scrutiny. 相似文献
3.
Vasja Vehovar Pavle Sicherl Tobias Hüsing Vesna Dolnicar 《The Information Society》2013,29(5):279-290
The term “digital divide” has been used for almost a decade and typically relates to sociodemographic differences in the use of information and communication technology. However, the corresponding measurement is still relatively imprecise. Very often it is simply reduced to comparisons of Internet penetration rates. This article extends the measurements above the usual bivariate comparisons. Within this context, three essential approaches are presented and critically evaluated. First, loglinear modeling is used to address the interactions among the factors affecting the digital divide. Second, compound measures (i.e., the Digital Divide Index) that integrate a number of variables into a single indicator are discussed. Third, time-distance methodology is applied to analyze changes in the digital divide. The article argues that these approaches often yield entirely different conclusions compared to simple bivariate analysis. The examples are presented as a general warning against an oversimplified methodological approach to digital divide studies. 相似文献
4.
Lauren Kilgour 《The Information Society》2020,36(3):131-146
AbstractAt present, the politics of digital tools are predominantly discussed in terms of the data they collect, analyze, and circulate. Through my analysis of electronic ankle monitors’ visual characteristics, I widen the scope of investigation to consider how the visuality of digital tools’ form factor – the size and shape of computing hardware – also contributes to their politics. I discuss five major impacts the visuality of electronic ankle monitors’ physical form has upon their wearers’ lives: (1) lack of differentiation in the aesthetics of monitors across different types of wearers (spanning from criminal justice to immigration detention) leads wearers to be considered “dangerous criminals,” by default; (2) monitors limit wearers’ ability to “pass” in society; (3) monitors expand the set of surveillors beyond government officials to also include the public; (4) monitors compromise wearers’ privacy; (5) monitors associate wearers with older practices of visually marking people normative society has labeled dangerous. Based on this analysis, I argue two points. First, that the visuality of electronic ankle monitors’ form factor expands the harms wearers experience beyond those engendered by the device’s primary use as a remote geo-temporal tracking tool used by government organizations. Second, the case study of electronic ankle monitors evidences the need to develop laws and policies that seek to regulate the visual properties of digital tools as well as the data they generate. 相似文献
5.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(1):69-84
Abstract Considerable attention has been devoted in recent years to the digital divides that exist between and within countries. Within developing countries, information and communication infrastructures are often limited. This paper focuses on the digital divide within Bhutan. More specifically, the paper identifies two related dimensions of the digital divide in Bhutan—access and skills—and argues that the interaction between geography, resources and services will shape how the divide is tackled. 相似文献
6.
Taxonomy of e-readiness assessment measures 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Payam Hanafizadeh Mohammad Reza Hanafizadeh Mohsen Khodabakhshi 《International Journal of Information Management》2009
To benefit from the advantages of information society, on the one hand, and to be afraid of being left further behind by Global Society and the increase in the digital divide, on the other hand, stimulate countries to be part of Global Information Society. These issues have led policymakers to move towards such a society by identifying the objectives, goals and targets. Planning to achieve these objectives needs a real understanding of the current situation, which is obtained by e-readiness assessment measures. There has been a proliferation of e-readiness assessment measures in recent years that each one has a certain objective. This paper elaborates on and categorizes these measures that help scholars and policymakers to (1) select the measures that fit in with their objectives, (2) prevent the repetitive research, (3) identify the defects and flaws of previous measures and correct them in their own measures, and (4) use the experiences of previous measures to construct their own ones. Based on definitions, objectives, dimensions, methods and approaches, in this paper, the measures are categorized and finally, a measure for e-readiness assessment is presented. Since this measure is a convergence of e-readiness assessment measures, the experienced modelers have consensus on it and it is more suitable to measure e-readiness of countries. Also, it can be exploited as the basis and standard for internationally comparable information society statistics. 相似文献
7.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(4):337-345
The last few years have seen unprecedented growth in information and communication technologies (I&C) and products, which has led to a robust growth in the whole world, and especially in the United States. Euphoria was such that the term 'New Economy' was coined about 4 years ago, and was taken to mean almost the same as 'New Technologies', mostly information and communication technologies. These technologies are truly global. They are important instruments for further globalisation, and for reducing the international digital divide; they offer important opportunities for further world economic growth. There is increasing competition in their operation, which brings great benefits to customers in the form of reduced prices and new applications. International co-ordination of standards, trade and regulatory frameworks is increasingly necessary. PTOs and other operators need to keep constantly abreast of developments in various international fora, especially the ITU, the WTO and the OECD. 相似文献
8.
刘莲花 《中国科技期刊研究》2015,26(8):871-874
【目的】对数学类中文核心期刊进行综合评价,以期为数学期刊综合水平的提高提供定量参考。【方法】以2013版中国期刊引证报告(扩刊版)提供的8个计量指标数据为依托,采用基于变异系数法的距离综合评价法对《中文核心期刊要目总览》(北京大学第六版)刊登的15种数学核心期刊进行分析和排名。【结果】距离综合评价法的排名比总被引频次的排名和影响因子的排名更合理。【结论】利用距离综合评价法评价期刊的学术水平是行之有效的,具有科学性和可操作性。 相似文献
9.
Payam Hanafizadeh Mohammad Reza Hanafizadeh Mohsen Khodabakhshi 《The Information Society》2013,29(4):236-247
In this article a methodology is presented to extract indicators that appropriately measure the information society and the digital divide between countries and the relevant statistics that the majority of countries can collect. With the help of content analysis, the entropy method, and consideration of the diffusion aspects of digitalization, 37 reputable information society and digital divide models are analyzed to indentify “core information and communication technology (ICT) indicators.” To overcome the limitation of the nonexistence of data, the information and the knowledge embedded in information society and digital divide models are employed as proxies for experts' opinions for extracting the core ICT indicators. Comparison of the prior indicators and the proposed ones reveals that the former ignore three important dimensions: e-learning, e-government, and networked world enablers. 相似文献
10.
Before there was the digital divide there was the analog divide– and universal service was the attempt to close that analogdivide.
Universal service is becoming ever more complex in terms ofregulatory design as it becomes the digital divide. In order to
evaluatethe promise of the next generation Internet with respect to the digitaldivide this work looks backwards as well as
forwards in time. Byevaluating why previous universal service mechanisms failed andsucceeded this work identifies specific
characteristics ofcommunications systems – in particular in billing and managinguncertainty – and argues that these characteristics
underliesuccess or failure in terms of technological ubiquity. Developing a setof characteristics of services rather than
a set of services is afundamental break with the tradition of universal service. In fact, theimplications of our proposal
is that basic characteristics in theoffering of the service rather than the absolute price are critical toclose the digital
divide: certainty of total charge, ability to avoiddeposits or disconnection via best effort service, and payer-basedcontrol
of all charges. While all of these principles sound obvious infact none of these hold in the telephony network. Universal
service hasevolved from common carriage (serve all with no discrimination) to aright to basic services (100% penetration).
Universal service isnow discussed as the digital divide, as the access to information asopposed to services becomes increasingly
critical. However, we arediscussing in this paper access to the bits and the network rather thanaccess to the information
(or intellectual property) once connected. Theprovision of universal service is seen as a technical problem only in thatthe
technology costs money – universal service debates have longbeen the domain of economists. Yet the design of protocols has
been thedomain of engineers, the building of systems the corporate domain, andthe discussion of equity the interest of ethicists.
The design ofprotocols can define the parameters of the corporate decision-makers,the variables of the economist, and the
questions for the ethicist. Thedesign decisions made at the fundamental levels can make communicationsequity more or less
likely. In this work I focus on the design ofprotocols for the next generation Internet, protocols which willfundamentally
change the best-effort nature of Internet services.Building on the economic and ethnographic work of others I argue thatthe
effects of protocols adoption on universal service can be predictedto some degree. By examination of past and current technologies
Iexamine a set of technical mechanisms to determine how such mechanismsmight harm or enhance universal service. I define each
mechanism (e.g.denial of entry) and offer observations about each particularmechanism's implicit pricing assumptions. I close
with a discussion ofinterest to ethicists and regulators on evaluating communicationsprotocols with respect to universal access.
Protocols for developingmultiple qualities of service for packet-switched networks have focusedon economic efficiency (e.g.
Mackie-Mason, 1995; Choi, Stahl &Winston, 1997; Shapiro & Varian, 1998), billing to encouragewidespread adoption of network
innovations (e.g. Xie & Sirbu, 1985)and billing in a manner consistent with the underlying network (e.g.Clark, 1996). Here
we examine a set of protocols which include varyingquality of service mechanisms with respect to the compatibility of theprotocols
with universal access. 相似文献
11.
Before there was the digital divide there was the analog divide– and universal service was the attempt to close that analogdivide. Universal service is becoming ever more complex in terms ofregulatory design as it becomes the digital divide. In order to evaluatethe promise of the next generation Internet with respect to the digitaldivide this work looks backwards as well as forwards in time. Byevaluating why previous universal service mechanisms failed andsucceeded this work identifies specific characteristics ofcommunications systems – in particular in billing and managinguncertainty – and argues that these characteristics underliesuccess or failure in terms of technological ubiquity. Developing a setof characteristics of services rather than a set of services is afundamental break with the tradition of universal service. In fact, theimplications of our proposal is that basic characteristics in theoffering of the service rather than the absolute price are critical toclose the digital divide: certainty of total charge, ability to avoiddeposits or disconnection via best effort service, and payer-basedcontrol of all charges. While all of these principles sound obvious infact none of these hold in the telephony network. Universal service hasevolved from common carriage (serve all with no discrimination) to aright to basic services (100% penetration). Universal service isnow discussed as the digital divide, as the access to information asopposed to services becomes increasingly critical. However, we arediscussing in this paper access to the bits and the network rather thanaccess to the information (or intellectual property) once connected. Theprovision of universal service is seen as a technical problem only in thatthe technology costs money – universal service debates have longbeen the domain of economists. Yet the design of protocols has been thedomain of engineers, the building of systems the corporate domain, andthe discussion of equity the interest of ethicists. The design ofprotocols can define the parameters of the corporate decision-makers,the variables of the economist, and the questions for the ethicist. Thedesign decisions made at the fundamental levels can make communicationsequity more or less likely. In this work I focus on the design ofprotocols for the next generation Internet, protocols which willfundamentally change the best-effort nature of Internet services.Building on the economic and ethnographic work of others I argue thatthe effects of protocols adoption on universal service can be predictedto some degree. By examination of past and current technologies Iexamine a set of technical mechanisms to determine how such mechanismsmight harm or enhance universal service. I define each mechanism (e.g.denial of entry) and offer observations about each particularmechanism's implicit pricing assumptions. I close with a discussion ofinterest to ethicists and regulators on evaluating communicationsprotocols with respect to universal access. Protocols for developingmultiple qualities of service for packet-switched networks have focusedon economic efficiency (e.g. Mackie-Mason, 1995; Choi, Stahl &Winston, 1997; Shapiro & Varian, 1998), billing to encouragewidespread adoption of network innovations (e.g. Xie & Sirbu, 1985)and billing in a manner consistent with the underlying network (e.g.Clark, 1996). Here we examine a set of protocols which include varyingquality of service mechanisms with respect to the compatibility of theprotocols with universal access. 相似文献
12.
Anique J. Scheerder Alexander J. A. M. van Deursen Jan A. G. M. van Dijk 《The Information Society》2013,29(5):286-298
AbstractThis study employs a qualitative approach to examine whether and why some societal groups are disadvantaged more by their Internet use than others do. Due to the quantitative nature of most digital divide studies, thorough explanations for why different outcomes exist are lacking. Interviews were conducted with 48 Dutch families selected on the basis of educational level (high or low) and household characteristics (children and marital status). A distinction was made between the types of negative outcomes that families are confronted with and how they cope with those outcomes. The results show that the confrontation with negative outcomes of Internet use in itself seems similar for both educational groups. However, the way Internet users cope with negative outcomes differs between the two educational groups. Members of highly educated groups mostly try to take control themselves when faced with a negative outcome, while members of less educated groups often just experience negative outcomes and do not remedial actions. 相似文献
13.
‘Power and the digital divide’ 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Jeremy Moss 《Ethics and Information Technology》2002,4(2):159-165
The ethical and political dilemmas raised byInformation and Communication Technology (ICT)have only just begun to be understood. Theimpact of centralised data collection, masscommunication technologies or the centrality ofcomputer technology as a means of accessingimportant social institutions, all poseimportant ethical and political questions. As away of capturing some of these effects I willcharacterise them in terms of the type of powerand, more particularly, the Power-over peoplethat they exercise. My choice of thisparticular nomenclature is that it allows us todescribe, firstly, how specific technologiesoperate and second, exactly what sorts ofconstraints they impose on people. The reasonfor this focus has to do with a further aim ofthe essay, which is to intervene in aparticular type of debate that is often hadaround the appropriate use and scope oftheories of power that are employed in thinkingabout ICT, especially those theories associatedwith the work of Michel Foucault. There isconsiderable use of his work in computerethics, but my claim will be that despite theproductive uses of his work in the areas ofsurveillance, for instance, it does not exhaustthe larger potential of his work on power and,in part, `government.' I will argue that inorder to properly understand the politicalimpact of some aspects of ICT, especially thedigital divide, one needs an account of howpower operates that includes more traditionaltypes of power-over. To the extent that I willdeal with these concerns, the paper is both acontribution to debates about the nature andscope of Foucault's theory of power and to theissue of the effects of the digital divide. 相似文献
14.
本文构建了城乡数字鸿沟的测度指标体系,对重庆市2003-2014年城乡数字鸿沟及其影响因素进行了实证分析。研究发现重庆市的城乡数字鸿沟整体上呈现不断扩大趋势。经济因素、城乡居民受教育程度的差异以及地理、制度因素等是城乡数字鸿沟的重要影响因素。文章提出了相应的对策措施以弥合城乡数字鸿沟,促进城乡统筹发展。 相似文献
15.
16.
Pavle Sicherl 《The Information Society》2019,35(3):143-157
Simultaneous two-dimensional comparisons of time series data—vertically (static difference) and horizontally (Sicherl-time-distance)—for numerous ITU and Eurostat datasets show that estimates of the magnitude of digital divide can differ substantially between conventional static measures and Sicherl-time-distance, a dynamic measure of disparity. Comparing digital divide indicators with other indicators of social inequality (life expectancy, infant mortality), the analysis shows that high ICT growth rate improved well-being in developing countries and reduced some world inequalities. This methodology enables researchers, policy makers, and business managers how to draw new insights from existing data, including monitoring the attainment of targets. 相似文献
17.
数字化促进了资源型企业绿色技术创新吗? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
数字化促进了资源型企业绿色技术创新吗? 《科学学研究》2022,40(2):332-344
伴随数字中国建设进程的加快，数字化能否有效促进传统资源型企业绿色技术创新，突破资源环境双重约束走上高质量发展之路？基于技术整合能力视角，以2016-2019年中国沪深A股资源型上市公司为样本，实证检验了数字化综合水平及其数字基础、数字投入、数字素养、数字经济和数字应用五个分项指标对资源型企业绿色技术创新的影响与内在机理。通过运用变异系数法和Stata15.1软件，研究发现：地区数字化综合水平及其数字基础、数字投入、数字经济和数字应用等四个分项指标均对资源型企业绿色技术创新存在显著“∩型”影响；技术整合能力正向调节地区数字化综合水平及其五个分项指标对资源型企业绿色技术创新的影响。结果表明：加快提升地区数字化水平和增强企业技术整合能力，对促进资源型企业绿色技术创新，从而实现以生态优先、绿色发展为导向的高质量发展具有重要意义。 相似文献
18.
关于结构力学课程教学三类重要问题的探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文就土木工程类专业结构力学的教学内容调整、教学环节改进、新的教学方式与手段的引入等进行了有益的探讨。本文认为,调整结构力学现行课程内容势在必行,有必要将结构力学内容分为三个模块,教学中应由“纲”到“目”逐步展开课程内容;课堂教学、课外答疑、综合训练、学习效果考核是结构力学教学四个重要的环节,为改进教学效果,目前特别需要对课外答疑、综合训练、学习效果考核这三个方面进行改进;结构力学已是相对成熟的课程,要提升教学效果,引入启发式教学方式与计算机辅助教学手段是极为必要的。 相似文献
19.
This article examines the knowledge component in cluster literature from its origins to the present. A chronological perspective is deployed in order to shed light on how the concept of clusters has evolved. Given the increasing interest in clusters as knowledge repositories, and the apparent conviction among policymakers of the manageability of clusters, lessons learned from knowledge management (KM) practices in organizations might well be applied to the many policy efforts aimed at governing clusters. We argue that introducing KM initiatives on a regional level should be accompanied by an understanding of the possible downfalls that are associated with KM failures. 相似文献
20.
[目的]研究农业竞争力对促进当地农业增效、农民增收、农村发展具有重要意义。[方法]首次基于生态位视角,创新构建农业竞争力综合评价体系,测算了浙江省各个地级市农业竞争力生态位值、生态位重叠度和生态位宽度,并据此对各个地级市农业竞争力进行评价与演化分析。[结果]结果表明：①浙江省11个地级市的农业竞争力水平整体表现出从东北向西南的距离衰减性,舟山、宁波和杭州综合生态位值处于领先地位,金华、衢州和丽水综合生态位值处于落后地位,在2010－2019年10年间各个地级市之间综合生态位排名次序相对稳定,农业经济出现固化态势；②地级市的综合农业生态位与生态位宽度,产生背离现象,衡量农业竞争力发展水平,需综合考虑其影响支配力( 生态位值) 和资源获取力( 生态位宽度)；③地级市之间农业竞争力生态位高度重叠,竞争显著。[结论]最后研究发现：各个地级市应强化核心区辐射带动,开展生态位扩充、生态位协同发展策略,优化生态位结构,提高其农业竞争力,破除农业经济固化态势。 相似文献