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The relationship of technology policy to economic and industrial development has become a subject of debate between those who argue that market forces should determine how technology is produced and used and those who believe that government has a role in supporting investment in technology use and the development of high‐technology industries. This article looks at the effects of national technology policy in promoting the production of computer hardware and software in Asia‐Pacific countries during the 1980s. It also analyzes the relationship between various environmental factors and computer production and looks at the interaction between environment and policy. It finds three types of environmental factors associated with level of computer production: human resources, in the form of scientists and engineers; the presence of complementary industries, particularly electronics production; and expenditures on research and development. It also finds that hardware production is higher in countries with national computer plans but that software production does not appear to be associated with efforts by the government to promote the computer industry. 相似文献
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论述了新世纪中国土壤学的社会需求,提出食物安全仍然是土壤学要关注的首要问题。食物安全所包括的数量安全、质量安全、经济安全和生态安全都与土壤质量和土壤利用直接相关。提出了我国土壤学在今后要关注和试图解决的几个科学问题:(1)土壤质量新概念的建立;(2)土壤圈与其它圈层的物质和能量交换理论;(3)可变电荷土壤特性;(4)土壤高强度利用与环境协调理论。 相似文献
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E. Sanz-Casado C. Suárez-Balseiro I. Iribarren-Maestro M. Ramírez-de Santa Pau J. de Pedro-Cuesta 《Information processing & management》2007
The purpose of the present study is to analyse and map the trends in research on prion diseases by applying bibliometric tools to the scientific literature published between 1973 and 2002. The data for the study were obtained from the Medline database. The aim is to determine the volume of scientific output in the above period, the countries involved and the trends in the subject matters addressed. Significant growth is observed in scientific production since 1991 and particularly in the period 1996–2001. The countries found to have the highest output are the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France and Germany. The collaboration networks established by scientists are also analysed in this study, as well as the evolution in the subject matters addressed in the papers they published, that are observed to remain essentially constant in the three sub-periods into which the study is divided. 相似文献
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钱箭星 《科学．经济．社会》2006,24(4):46-49,53
科技人员在世界环境保护运动中发挥着重要的积极作用,但由于技术选择标准、制度设计等社会因素的制约,以及在知识结构、利益偏好和道德方面的缺陷,他们可能在环境保护方面出现失灵。作为一个特殊群体的科技人员,如何加强社会责任心,克服自身缺陷和发挥自己的专业优势,这是确保社会经济向着有利于环境保护的方向发展的重要环节。 相似文献
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Sotaro Shibayama 《Research Policy》2019,48(3):676-692
Academic training, where senior scientists transfer their knowledge and skills to junior scientists through apprenticeship, plays a crucial role in the development of scientists. This study focuses on two aspects of academic training, autonomy and exploration, to investigate how different modes of training are incentivized and how they affect junior scientists’ performance and career prospects. Drawing on a sample of 162 supervising professors and their 791 PhD students in life science labs in Japanese universities, this study suggests two fundamental conflicts in academic training. First, autonomy granted to PhD students under apprenticeship improves their long-term performance but decreases short-term performance. Because the latter effect costs supervisors, while the former does not benefit them in general, this inter-temporal tradeoff creates an incentive conflict between supervisors and students, inducing non-autonomous training. The short-term cost for supervisors can be compensated in the form of labor input or reputation gain from previous students in the long term, but this typically happens when students are trained with limited scope of exploration, which hinders the originality of students’ knowledge production. This reduces the diversity of knowledge production, presenting another incentive conflict between individual scientists and the collective scientific community. 相似文献
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全球重要信息计量学家的可视化分析——以作者共被引为视角 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以Web of Science(SCI-E,SSCI,A&HCI,CPIC-S,CPIC-SSH)为数据源,借助可视化分析软件CiteSpace2.2.R11,对所搜集的信息计量学领域1955-2010年的3567篇文献进行可视化分析,构建作者共被引分析的可视化图谱。界定出被引频次或者中心度较高的48位信息计量学家,将其分为三个区,并结合文献信息统计第一区作者加菲尔德、穆德、格伦采尔、埃格赫、普赖斯、舒伯特、布劳恩、斯莫尔、鲁索、怀特、默顿等11位信息计量学家的学术成就,为了解信息计量学的重要学者及学科结构提供了独特的视角。 相似文献
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我国海洋科学“十一五”发展战略与优先资助领域 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
海洋约覆盖了地球表面的71%,占地球总水量的98%以上,已成为人类拓展生存空间和争夺经济制高点的希望所在；最具学科交叉和挑战性的海洋将是连接全球科学家的纽带；近海环境恶化已成为全球问题,迫切需要采取措施加以修复和保护；海洋是地球系统的主要组成部分,其作为全球气候的巨大调节器已得到广泛公认；人类环保意识的提高和对海洋资源的迫切需求,呼唤人们加强对海洋生态环境与海洋资源的研究。 相似文献
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在保障粮食安全的现实背景下,如何通过化肥的减量施用来保证粮食生产效率不变乃至有所提高是本文研究的目的。本文基于中国20个玉米生产省份2004—2015年的面板数据,运用超越对数函数模型测算出全国以及各省玉米生产中的化肥投入效率,并利用Tobit模型进一步对全国、东、中、西部地区化肥投入效率影响因素进行分析比较,研究结果表明：全国玉米生产效率为0.754,化肥投入效率均值为0.448,节肥潜力巨大;中国玉米种植规模、化肥价格、农业补贴与玉米化肥投入效率显著正相关,而农业保护政策与玉米化肥投入效率显著负相关。分区域而言,东部地区化肥价格与化肥投入效率正相关,玉米种植规模与化肥投入效率负相关;中部地区化肥价格、农业补贴与化肥投入效率正相关,非农劳动就业率与化肥投入效率负相关;西部地区化肥价格与玉米化肥投入效率正相关,农业保护政策与玉米化肥投入效率负相关。 相似文献
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Ram Mudambi 《Research Policy》2009,38(5):736-745
Scientific research is a crucial success factor for knowledge intensive firms and is often a joint effort of scientists and managers. However, scientists and managers belong to different “professional guilds,” subscribing to different belief systems and valuing different types of incentives. These differences give rise to tension between scientists and managers. We integrate a large body of literature from knowledge management to develop a new theoretical model predicting that this organizational tension is affected by environmental factors such as the degree of industry munificence, firm-specific factors like knowledge-management policies, and the individual roles of boundary spanners within the firm. Further, we argue that this tension can lead to positive or negative outcomes. 相似文献
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肖卫国 《科学技术与辩证法》2010,27(3):31-35
库恩在《科学革命的结构》一书中,很少提到＂经济＂、＂经济学＂等术语,暗中却采用了经济学的话语方式来解说科学的动态过程。库恩探讨了竞争、垄断、分工与专业化等在提升科学效率方面的重大作用。他还探讨了科学家的问题选择以及在范式革命时期的理论选择,探讨了理性科学家在理论选择中的貌似的非理性特征。 相似文献
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以26名来自全国不同区域的、供职于不同类型科技创新主体的科研人员为访谈对象,了解我国科研人员开展科普工作的最新进展,运用基于扎根理论的研究方法分析访谈材料后,绘制科研人员科普工作路径,即科研人员在内部驱动和外部支撑的共同促进下从事科普工作,科普工作是在科研人员有一定准备和积累的基础上,通过一定的渠道,生产应用于不同平台的、不同形式的科普成果。基于对现有路径的分析讨论,进一步绘制科研人员科普工作体系。 相似文献
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‘Open data’ has recently emerged as a label for renewed attempts to promote scientific exchange. As part of such efforts, the posting of data online is often portrayed as commonly beneficial: individual scientists accrue greater prominence while at the same time fostering communal knowledge. Yet, how scientists in non-Western research settings assess such calls for openness has been the subject of little empirical study. Based on extended fieldwork with biochemistry laboratories in sub-Sahara Africa, this paper examines a variety of reasons why scientists opt for closure over openness with regard to their own data. We argue that the heterogeneity of research environments calls into question many of the presumptions made as part of open data. Inequalities in research environments can mean that moves towards sharing create binds and dilemmas. These observations suggest that those promoting openness must critically examine current research governance and funding systems that continue to perpetuate disparities. The paper proposes an innovative approach to facilitating openness: coupling the sharing of data with enabling scientists to redress their day-to-day research environment demands. Such a starting basis provides an alternative but vital link between the aspirations for science aired today as part of international discussions and the daily challenges of undertaking research in low-resourced environments. 相似文献
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世界上很多著名大学,因为某一学科处于领先位置而名扬天下。很多大学因为培育出著名科学家、政治家、经济学家而闻名于世。这些大学最显著的特点是,有独到的办学特色,在某一教学领域处于世界顶级水平。培育特色专业,就是把学校的某一学科、某一专业打造成为国内乃至国际顶级的学科和专业,为社会培养出更多实用型人才,这是实现职业技术教育长足发展的重要途径。 相似文献
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女性科学家科研产出之谜及原因初探 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究发现,在科学研究领域,女性科学家不但人数稀少,成果数量也仅是同年龄组男性科学家的一半到三分之二,这就是所谓的女性科学家"科研产出之谜"(the productivity puzzle)。通过对这一现象的分析,探讨了问题的成因,并进一步提出了解决问题的初步策略。 相似文献
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国内外学者对科学家参与科学传播的意愿和行为进行了大量研究,但对科学家感知科学传播的重要性如何受到自然环境及个体心理特征的影响尚缺乏研究。本文基于压力转换理论,建立不同主动性人格的科学家如何应对空气污染的两个假设,并通过匹配官方公布的空气污染监测数据与基于问卷调查的科学家自我报告数据对假设进行检验。结果发现：面对空气污染时,强主动性的科学家会显著增强对科学传播重要性的感知,这种感知的改变是通过自我效能感增强实现的;而弱主动性的科学家在面对空气污染时,则不会改变对科学传播重要性的感知。该研究为理解外部环境压力下科学家如何对科学传播重要性做出判断提供了新的视角与证据。 相似文献