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1.
Duncan Lindsey 《Research in higher education》1991,32(2):217-244
Public universities reflect the aspirations a state or society has for its young people and for itself. In this study we examine the level of public funding for universities and its relation to quality. We analyze funding data for British universities and a sample for American universities. Additionally, we examine data on the production of science by faculty at the institutions in our American sample. The data permit an analysis of the relation between investment in higher education and quality. We compare these data with the recent efforts to fund British universities based on measures of scholarship and scientific achievement. We conclude by examining the nature of the relationship between funding and research quality at British universities. 相似文献
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3.
《Higher Education Quarterly》1994,48(3):194-206
Scientific research in universities is undergoing a process of restructuring. To a large extent this process is driven by the changing roles of research funders, research producers and research users. Business is the dominant producer of research, government - through departmental research agencies and research council institutes - is second in importance and universities are relatively minor producers. However, in all sectors there is a process of fragmentation through which independent research producers are emerging. The balance of research funding in the last decade or so has shifted relatively from the dominance of government to the dominance of business, with a growing relative contribution from charities and from overseas. But this diversification of funding has taken place within a broadly stable aggregate level. Research users have started behaving much more as research customers: it is estimated that eighty three per cent of British scientific research is purchased by those in business or government, who wish to use it very directly in their work. These changes pose challenges to the traditional view of university research as a public good or a cultural enterprise; increasingly it is becoming a mode of economic production. 相似文献
4.
英国工党在1997~2009年间的12年连续执政中,义务教育投入政策与前保守党执政期间大为不同。英国工党在教育方面基于平等的理念,崇尚教育公平,强调对弱势群体的保护和对贫困人群的关注,主张兼顾市场竞争与社会公平,因而在执政期间加大教育投入,促进教育机会均等,缩小教育发展中的差距,同时对拨款方式进行了改革。 相似文献
5.
J. B. Thomas 《Educational studies》2007,33(1):53-63
This paper attempts an account and evaluation of the historical development of psychology of education in the 1960s in the UK. It contributes to both the history of the academic discipline of educational studies and to the history of higher education. Progress of the subject is introduced in the general context of university developments and the research environment of educational studies and then examines the growth of research and scholarship in psychology of education through an assessment of the contributions of individual psychologists, including the inheritance from pre‐1960s scholars, an analysis of the authorship of papers in the British Journal of Educational Psychology, and case studies of selected university centres of research excellence. A brief discussion of external research funding is followed by a consideration of advanced course development and the provision of suitable textbooks. The paper concludes with suggestions for further research. 相似文献
6.
两次世界大战期间英国大学教育数量发展平缓,科技教育发展不足;建立大学拨款委员会是这一时期大学教育发展的突破点,也是英国大学管理制度创新的范例;大学经费资助政策的倾斜与兼顾促进了英国不同层次大学的发展。 相似文献
7.
从高等教育基金委员会看英国高校治理模式的创新 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
20世纪90年代,英国高等教育的治理模式发生了变革,1919年建立起的大学拨款委员会模式已经终结,取而代之的是新的基金委员会模式。基金委员会模式体现了英国高等教育治理的新思路,以英格兰地区的高等教育基金委员会最有代表性。该地区的高等教育基金委员会不但要求大学在财政方面积极承担绩效责任,而且在科研以及教学方面也对大学施加外在影响。基金委员会主要通过财政备忘录对大学进行财政风险评估。作为政府的代理机构,基金委员会有鲜明的商业特征,主要通过一系列审查和绩效问责措施促进高校治理变革。然而,基金委员会自身存在一些不足,需要进一步完善。 相似文献
8.
Governance of Higher Education in Britain: The Significance of the Research Assessment Exercises for the Funding Council Model 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
This article uses the political struggles that have enveloped the research assessment exercises (RAEs) to interpret the UK's current funding council model of governance. Ironically, the apparently widespread improvement in the research performance of British universities, as demonstrated by RAE 2001, has made it more difficult to distribute research income selectively, which was supposedly the central objective of the whole evaluative process. Whilst enhanced research ratings may be seen as a cause for celebration in the universities, the failure to anticipate this outcome and, more significantly, to plan for its financial implications is seen in political circles as a failure of higher education management. The article explores the alternative models of governance that are likely to emerge as a consequence of this crisis and, in particular, whether the funding councils can have much freedom of action, given the tighter political control of policy goals and their critical dependence upon the academic profession for the conduct of the evaluative process. 相似文献
9.
英国高校海外办学历史悠久,呈现融资模式多样化稳定化、治理模式标准化规范化、生源日益增多、办学规模不断扩大、师生管理高效科学、专业设置日臻完善、教学与学习效果日益显著等特点。英国在高等教育国际化和海外办学的过程中积累了相当丰富的成功经验。分析英国海外办学的背景,探究英国海外办学的发展阶段、管理方式和教学模式,对我国高等教育走向海外发展和进行海外办学具有非常宝贵的借鉴价值。 相似文献
10.
英国工人教育协会成人教育述评 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
英国工人教育协会的成人教育历经百余年,对20世纪初英国中等教育和成人高等教育的发展起了重要的促进作用,开创了劳工民众基础教育后成人教育的新形式,其办学目的的明确性、办学经费来源的广泛性、政府的高度支持及其民主的管理体制等,至今仍然得到英国社会的认同,其经验值得探究和挖掘。 相似文献
11.
Policy Drivers in UK Higher Education in Historical Perspective: 'Inside Out', 'Outside In' and the Contribution of Research 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Michael Shattock 《Higher Education Quarterly》2006,60(2):130-140
Where have been the main policy drivers for the development of British higher education over the last 50 years? This article argues that while higher education policy was once driven from the inside outwards, from the late 1970s it has been driven exclusively from the outside inwards. Policy decisions under either regime were rarely driven by research findings especially from within the higher education community. The current imbalance between ‘inside‐out’ and ‘outside‐in’ policy formation is paradoxically most apparent when the higher education system has a more widely diversified funding base than at any time since the 1930s. The key policy challenge is now not what new policies are needed but what new framework should be developed for policy making. 相似文献
12.
Formally the new public management model of governance was introduced into British higher education with the passage of the
1988 Education Reform Act, which abolished the existing University Grants Committee (UGC) and instigated the funding councils.
This article explores the relationship between the state, the funding councils and the universities with respect to the contemporary
development of the English system of higher education. The analysis is based on an exploration of four key policy issues:
the quality assurance regime, the research assessment exercises, the widening participation agenda and the introduction of
student fees. The goal is to explore how the quasi-state organisations—in particular the Higher Education Funding Council
for England (HEFCE)—have mediated the relationship between the state and the universities. The evidence suggests that the
coupling of the state to the universities follows one of three tracks: compliance, resistance and seduction. The article explores
what factors determine why one relationship (or combination of relationships) prevails, and explains patterns of change over
time. The overall conclusion is that institutional interaction is very complex, and it is inaccurate—as is sometimes claimed—to
view the funding council as little more than a compliant channel of government policy. 相似文献
13.
英国高等教育机构的研究水平评估及其借鉴意义 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
英国在过去的20年里对高等教育机构共进行了5次研究水平评估,并将对各机构的研究资助与这些评估结果相挂钩.这种评估对高校提高研究绩效起了很大的作用,但也产生一些负面的影响.借鉴他们的评估方法,探索切合我国实际的高校研究水平评估模式具有一定的现实意义. 相似文献
14.
高等教育市场化是当代西方高等教育发展的重要趋势,20世纪80年代撒切尔政府开始大幅削减高等教育经费,英国高校为求生存不得不走向市场化改革之路。英国高等教育市场化趋向表现为:实行高等教育成本分担,改革高等教育拨款方式,拓宽高等教育筹资渠道,建立创业型大学等。这些举措既弥补了高等教育经费的不足,也极大地增强了高等院校的活力和独立性。 相似文献
15.
Edward A. Holdaway 《Higher Education Quarterly》1993,47(3):237-258
Many western countries are paying increasing attention to the organization and administration of graduate studies. Such attention has developed from primary concerns about completion times, completion percentages, programme quality, and student quality, as well as secondary concerns about supervisors, funding, coursework, inter-organizational co-operation, and policies and practices of both universities and research councils. Using information about British graduate programmes as a basis, the article presents policy issues related to research councils, funding councils, and control, followed by discussion of the themes of the nature of programmes, supervision and evaluation, completion time, quality, and innovation. The final sections address several concerns and offer some suggestions. 相似文献
16.
The assessment of research quality and accountability for research funding are major issues in higher education. This paper describes the British experience of nationwide research quality assessment exercises, and newly introduced measures intended to improve accountability. The consequences are examined, including those for the higher education system as a whole and for individual institutions, using the University of Glasgow as an example. Comprehensive peer review of research quality has demonstrated the usefulness of certain performance indicators. Their relevance for U.S. institutional researchers is discussed, and similarities with the measures used by the National Academy of Sciences in its assessment of researchdoctorate programs are identified. The requirements of the U.S. Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) are noted. 相似文献
17.
历经近三个世纪的探索与融合,美国研究型大学业已成为世界学术中心,其发展模式业已成为全球模仿与借鉴的典范。战争在大学发展中起了决定性作用,第二次世界大战(简称“二战”)成为美国研究型大学发展的分水岭,战争前后的美国研究型大学有着截然不同发展层次。二战前夕,美国大学一直以无计划方式发展,联邦政府几乎未给予资助;二战及接踵而来的冷战触发联邦政府对大学科研的倚重,战争给美国研究型大学带来长期的“礼物”——联邦资助成为大学科研经费的主要来源。战争使得美国高等教育实现了量与质的双重飞跃,然而,这种为战而兴的资助发展过于畸形,大学与政府之间应保持一定的距离,积极回应社会所需而非一味满足国家需要。 相似文献
18.
已有相关研究多集中于探讨经费收入与学术产出的关系，但经费无法直接转化为学术研究成果，对于这一过程的“黑箱”还未有明确认识。本研究尝试分析经费支出对大学发展的影响机制并优化经费配置路径。基于2007—2018年间58所教育部直属高校的校际面板数据，研究采用逐步法和双向固定效应模型分析了经费支出对学术产出的影响程度与作用机制。研究发现：从直接效应来看，经费支出规模对学术产出具有显著正向影响；就中介效应而言，经费支出通过专任教师、硕博士生、固定资产和课题等路径实现学术产出水平的提升，其中正高级教师、硕博士生和课题项目发挥着更大的中介效应。基于此，政府可继续增加对研究型大学的经费投入，并鼓励其多渠道筹措经费；政府还要减少经费使用限制，鼓励大学优化经费配置路径和方式，将更多经费用于教师、硕博士生等人员支出，并设置更多课题项目，从而在遵循高等教育发展规律的基础上，提高经费配置效率，为提升高水平研究型大学建设水平提供实证数据、理论依据和政策参照。 相似文献
19.
John Sizer 《Higher Education Quarterly》1987,41(4):354-372
This paper arises from research project funded by the DES which was concerned primarily with the impacts of, and nine British universities' responses to, the UGC's grant letters for 1981–82, dated 1 July 1981. At a time when future funding of universities is under review and Vice-Chancellors and Principals are faced with managing further financial reductions it considers some of the policy implications for the DES and UGC, provides guidelines drawn from experiences of managing significant financial reductions, and highlights the leadership and managerial roles of Vice-Chancellors and Principals. 相似文献
20.
美国联邦政府资助大学科研的政策与机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
美国研究开发活动的分权资助体系,以及美国大学将教育与前沿研究活动相结合的特征,是美国充满巨大创新活力的主要原因。而联邦政府竞争性科研拨款机制,包括价值评议与同行评议,则保证了联邦政府资助科研活动的质量,促进了研究型大学的发展。分权和多样化的科研资助来源则使大学的自主权得以保障。 相似文献