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1.
Erhard U. Heidt 《Instructional Science》1980,9(4):365-391
The paper takes as its starting-point the generally undisputed assumption that there are educationally relevant differences between learners and between different types of media and that an appropriate match between these fields will lead to an improvement of learning. The first section looks at how the traditional school system has attempted to tackle the problem of the individual learner and the use of media. The second section surveys different attempts to define and investigate differences between media, and considers in depth the relationship between media taxonomies and instructional media research. A similar survey is made of attempts to define differences between learners and to relate them to media; this survey centres on the field of aptitude-treatment interaction (ATI) research. The closing section focusses on the chances of the individual learner participating in controlling his own conditions of learning within institutions using media-based or media-supported instruction. 相似文献
2.
This article provides a case study of the development of the Open Learning Systems Education Trust's “English in Action” programme in South Africa from 1993 to the end of 2004. It describes the programme's development from a model focused on enhancing learner involvement and learner gains to a model of distance education and open learning focused on promoting teacher and learner gains through school, classroom, and teacher support, and through in‐service teacher training. It documents the expansion of schools, teachers, and learners involved in the programme over a 12‐year period. It also points out the implications and limitations of the use of radio to enhance teacher and learner involvement in open learning, in terms of the renewed interest in radio learning which has taken place over recent years in developing countries, as well as more broadly internationally. 相似文献
3.
There is great interest in the processes by which learners reorganize and reformulate knowledge. This research adds to the current understanding by exploring two questions. “How does the learner's understanding change during the study of elementary thermodynamics?,” and “What motivates learners to restructure or reorganize their knowledge?” The conceptual changes and factors affecting that change over the course of a semester within an eighth grade physical science class are presented. General student understanding was assessed through open ended pretests, short tests and posttests given to the entire population (N=180). This was combined with a series of five clinical interviews over the course of the 13 week instruction period for each of 33 students selected by stratified random design for gender and class period. Analysis combined interview and written test data for the experimental groups and written test data for the entire population, allowing both within subject and between subject analyses. A detailed process of conceptual change emerges with individual differences illustrating impediments to knowledge integration. Inferences that have broader application in science instruction are made. 相似文献
4.
The Whole–Part–Whole (WPW) Learning Model goes beyond the present holistic, behavioristic, wholepart, and part–whole learning models. The WPW Learning Model purports that there is a natural whole–part–whole rhythm to learning. Through the “first Whole,” the Model introduces new content to learners by forming in their minds the organizational framework required to effectively and efficiently absorb the forthcoming concepts into their repertoire of expertise. The supporting expertise and component behaviors are then developed in the classical behavioristic style of instruction found in the “Parts” aspect of the WPW Learning Model. After learners have successfully achieved the performance criteria for the individual “Parts,” or components within the whole, the instructor links these parts together, thus forming the “second Whole.” The whole–part–whole learning experience provides the learner with the complete understanding of the content at various levels of performance and allows for higher order development. The WPW Learning Model can be considered systematic on several counts. One is that the model can be utilized from initial program design to real–time (just in time) instructional adjustments during a live presentation. 相似文献
5.
The effect of self-regulated learning strategies on performance in learner controlled computer-based instruction 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of self-regulated learning strategies (SRLS) on performance in a learner-controlled and a program-controlled computer-based instruction (CBI). SRLS was measured using a self-regulated learning strategies questionnaire. Seventh-grade subjects were divided into high and low levels of SRLS and then randomly assigned to one of two versions of a CBI lesson: one allowing learner control over the sequence and content of the instruction and the other having the learners follow a linear instructional sequence. Results revealed that the performance differences between learners with high SRLS and those with low SRLS were greater under learner control than under program control (p<.05). Poor performance by subjects with low SRLS under learner control indicates a strong need for learners to possess self-regulatory learning strategies to achieve success under learner control. Program control, however, seems to minimize the performance differences between low and high levels of SRLS. 相似文献
6.
Peter E. Doolittle Lauren H. Bryant Jessica R. Chittum 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2015,46(6):1333-1343
The construction of asynchronous learning environments often involves the creation of self‐paced multimedia instructional episodes that provide the learner with control over the pacing of instruction (segmentation); however, does the amount of segmentation impact learning? This study explored the effects of the degree of segmentation on recall and application of new knowledge and the nature of learner dispositions toward segmentation. Undergraduate students (n = 212) were randomly assigned to engage in a 9‐minute multimedia tutorial (ie, instructionally designed video‐based presentation) addressing historical inquiry that was divided into 1, 7, 14 or 28 segments (degree of segmentation) where students had control over when each segment began via a “Continue” button. Students' dispositions toward the segmentation—helped learning, made learning easier, made learning confusing, was annoying or seemed appropriate—were also measured. Results indicated that increased segmentation facilitated recall and application; however, learners perceived a high degree of segmentation (28 segments) more negatively. Overall, these results indicate that increased segmentation within a multimedia instructional environment has a positive influence on recall and application, regardless of the learner's disposition toward the segmentation. 相似文献
7.
While educational technologies provide increasing opportunities for interactive exploration in a learning environment, crucial questions remain: Will learners be able to exercise control and effectively regulate their own learning in flexible learning systems? Will they be motivated enough really to explore? Theory and research suggest that learners can and will, if the instructional systems are well-designed and if the learners are adequately prepared. In this paper, the components of learner control, self-regulated learning, and continuing motivation are examined as possible requirements and benefits of effective interactive instruction. A theoretical framework is advanced which illustrates the interdependence and mutual importance of these three components. Educational research in each of these three areas is analyzed, inconsistencies are discussed, and further support is developed for consideration of these components within an instructional situation. Finally, recommendations are offered for future research, to develop further what we know about what makes instruction effective and learners successful. 相似文献
8.
金艳丽 《洛阳师范学院学报》2000,19(3):105-106
克拉申指出习得是在自然语言环境中无意识地产生的 ,学习者注重的是语言的意思 ;而学习是当学习者有意识地学习语言的形式时产生的。自然顺序假释表明学习者学习语法规则时习得顺序是可以预测的 ,基本上按照一个相同的顺序。监控假释是说“监控”是学习者用来编辑语言的运用 ,是用“学习”来的知识 ,修正和作用于“习得”生成的知识。输入语假释强调可理解的输入对学习者习得语言是很有帮助的。只有学习者获得的可理解输入略超过现有水平时“习得”才会发生 ,即获得了“i+ 1”水平的输入。情感过滤假释涉及的是学习者的动机、自信心和焦虑水平。这些因素会影响学习者对语言输入的吸收 相似文献
9.
《Africa Education Review》2013,10(3):518-547
Abstract This article provides a summative evaluation of the development and implementation of the Open Learning Systems Education Trust's (OLSET's) “English in Action” programme from 1992 to the end of 2009. It describes the programme's development from a uni-modal distance education model focused on enhancing learner involvement and learner gains to a multi-modal model focused on enhancing teacher and learner involvement, teacher and learner gains, school, classroom and teacher support and in-service teacher training. It also describes the expansion of schools, teachers and learners involved in the programme over a 17 year period. Reasons for the wide-spread support of the programme by teachers, principals and educational officials in South Africa are identified, and constraints and limitations highlighted. Conclusions are then drawn on the value of the programme's model relative to the resurgence of international interest in the potential of using radio as a basis for teacher support in developing countries. 相似文献
10.
E-learning allows learners individually to learn “anywhere, anytime” and offers immediate access to specific information. However, learners have different behaviors, learning styles, attitudes, and aptitudes, which affect their learning process, and therefore learning environments need to adapt according to these differences, so as to increase the results of the learning process. In addition, providing the same learning content to all the learners may lead to a reduction in the learner's performance. Hence, there is a need to classify the learners based on their performance and knowledge level. Learner profiles play an important role in making the e-learning environment adaptive. Providing an adaptive learning environment, catering to the changing needs and behavior of the learner can be achieved by evolving dynamic learner profiles. Navigation logs can be used to analyze learners’ behavior over a period of time. In this work, we propose dynamic learner profiling to cater to changing learner behaviors, styles, goals, preferences, performances, knowledge level, learner's state, content difficulty, and feedbacks. Based on the continuous observation of learner preferences and requirements, the learner profile is dynamically updated. Furthermore, we propose an automatic learner classification to construct the learner profile and identify the complexity level of learning content, using the Bayesian belief network and decision tree techniques. We evaluated our system with two traditional adaptive e-learning systems, using static profiles and behavioral aspects, through our performance evaluation method of different learner types. In addition, we compared the actual learners’ data with the system generated results for various types of learners, and showed the increased interest in their learning outcomes. 相似文献
11.
The interactivity principle in multimedia learning states that giving learners control over pace and order of instructions decreases cognitive load and
increases transfer performance. We tested this guideline by comparing a learner-paced instruction with a system-paced instruction.
Time-on-task and interactive behavior were logged, and were also related to interest, prior knowledge, and cognitive involvement.
We successfully replicated the interactivity principle in terms of better transfer. However, this coincided with a large increase
in time-on-task. Also, large individual differences existed in the use of learner control options, which were mostly unrelated
to the other variables. Thus, the benefits of introducing learner control in multimedia learning are at the expense of learning
efficiency, and it remains unclear for whom the interactivity principle works best. 相似文献
12.
Baruch Offir Rachel Bezalel Ingrid Barth 《The American journal of distance education》2013,27(1):3-19
Although difficulties that characterize distance learning (DL) clearly have differential effects on different learners, links between barrier research and individual differences remain relatively unexplored. This study examined the relationship between cognitive style, based on Jung's (1971) theory, and achievement levels among 77 university students in a videoconference-based learning environment. Clarifying this relationship enables educators to identify in advance students who may require additional instructional support in a DL context. Understanding student-related variables that affect learning also enables faculty to adapt instructions to meet the diverse needs of different students instead of adopting a “one-size-fits-all” approach to designing DL environments. 相似文献
13.
The aim of the present study was to investigate those factors influencing performance in solving story problems in a web-based environment. A situational simulation, “Hiking across Estonia,” was explored by two samples of voluntary groups of students, comprising 65 and 50 groups, respectively. They solved 25 ecological and environmental story problems and filled in a pre-test and post-test that evaluated problem-solving skills. The groups were clustered according to their characteristics and performance into five clusters: “slow learners,”“quick learners,”“successful learners,”“smart learners,” and “ineffective learners.” The clusters were provided with different types of supportive notes and the sequence of problems was rearranged according to the students' initial results in the first four problem-solving tasks. These treatments demonstrated statistically significant improvements in the outcome in solving story problems in small groups. The main factors determining the effectiveness of problem solving were: (i) time spent on learning; (ii) initial skills in problem-solving; (iii) the presence of support in enhancing situation awareness; (iv) graduated problem tasks sequenced on the basis of complexity and difficulty; (v) ratio of genders in a learning group. However, the importance of these factors depended on the cluster and, therefore, it can be concluded that the design of problem-solving instruction has to be adapted according to the clusters' characteristics. 相似文献
14.
编程课程的深度学习具有一定的领域特殊性,体现为学习者深度应用编程知识解决现实问题的程序设计策略构建与编程自我效能感培养。项目式编程学习不应局限于学习者对于领域知识的理解与配对应用,更需要关注学习者在项目驱动的编程问题解决过程中程序设计策略的构建与迁移。本研究以优化设计项目式编程学习为核心目标,融合编程领域深度学习的特殊性,构建项目式编程学习“四层”过程模型;基于编程方案生成与评估以及程序设计策略构建等过程,梳理编程项目设计原则;结合程序设计支持技术、阶段性结果及启发性问题,结构化地设计促进学习者有效完成程序设计的项目支架。学习者自我感知的程序设计策略水平和编程自我效能感在前测与后测中出现了显著性差异,验证了编程项目设计原则与项目支架设计的有效性。 相似文献
15.
16.
Siswa van Riesen Hannie Gijlers Anjo Anjewierden Ton de Jong 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2018,66(2):475-491
Inquiry learning is an educational approach in which learners actively construct knowledge and in which performing investigations and conducting experiments is central. To support learners in designing informative experiments we created a scaffold, the Experiment Design Tool (EDT), that provided learners with a step-by-step structure to select variables and to assign values to these variables, together with offering built-in heuristics for experiment design. To further structure the students’ approach, the EDT was offered within a set of detailed research questions which again were grouped under a set of broader research questions. Learning results for learners who worked with the EDT were compared to results for learners in two control conditions. In the first control condition, learners received only the detailed research questions and not the EDT; in the second control condition, learners received only the limited set of general research questions. In all conditions, learners conducted their experiments in an online learning environment about the physics topic of Archimedes’ principle. Conceptual knowledge was measured before and after the intervention using parallel forms of a knowledge test. Overall results showed significant learning gains in all three conditions, but no significant differences between conditions. However, learners who started with low prior knowledge showed a significantly higher learning gain in the EDT condition than in the two control conditions. This result indicates that the effect of providing learners with scaffolds does not follow a “one-size-fits-all” principle, but may depend on specific learner characteristics, such as prior knowledge. 相似文献
17.
This article takes a critical look at three pervasive urban legends in education about the nature of learners, learning, and teaching and looks at what educational and psychological research has to say about them. The three legends can be seen as variations on one central theme, namely, that it is the learner who knows best and that she or he should be the controlling force in her or his learning. The first legend is one of learners as digital natives who form a generation of students knowing by nature how to learn from new media, and for whom “old” media and methods used in teaching/learning no longer work. The second legend is the widespread belief that learners have specific learning styles and that education should be individualized to the extent that the pedagogy of teaching/learning is matched to the preferred style of the learner. The final legend is that learners ought to be seen as self-educators who should be given maximum control over what they are learning and their learning trajectory. It concludes with a possible reason why these legends have taken hold, are so pervasive, and are so difficult to eradicate. 相似文献
18.
Doris R. Pridemore James D. Klein 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1991,39(4):27-32
Although considerable research has been conducted on both learner control and feedback, very little research has addressed
the effect of giving learners control over the feedback that they receive. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect
of learner control over feedback in a CAI lesson. Subjects used one of four CAI programs which provided either program control
or learner control over verification or elaboration feedback. Results indicated that subjects who received elaboration feedback
during instruction performed better than students who received verification feedback. Type of control did not have a significant
influence on performance. However, when subjects selected feedback for items answered incorrectly during instruction, subjects
under learner control/elaboration performed better on the posttest than subjects under learner control/verification. Implications
for the design of CAI are discussed. 相似文献
19.
《Africa Education Review》2013,10(3):447-459
ABSTRACTThe capacity to use language is unique from one individual to another. This could also depend on the individual's exposure to a language. This article aims to contribute to the growing area of research on language anxiety by exploring the extent to which language anxiety affects learners’ performance in learning in multilingual classrooms, especially African learners who are learning English as a second language. Learners, especially in the Intermediate Phase in South Africa who are learning in a second language for the first time, may experience a certain level of anxiety because that language is foreign to them. The discussion idea is further advanced by exploring the use more than one language in teaching in order to promote learner autonomy in the learning process. The conclusion will try to provide possible means to deal with language anxiety amongst learners in order to improve learner performance. 相似文献
20.
Marilyn Osborn 《比较教育学》2001,37(3):267-278
The article reports on some key findings of a major research project which examines the relationship between national educational values as these are mediated by the school context, teacher beliefs and classroom processes, and eventually translated into pupil perspectives on learning and schooling. These findings are drawn from questionnaires to 1,800 secondary school pupils in England, France and Denmark, and from individual and group interviews with a smaller sample of pupils in each country. Through an examination of pupil perspectives on the purposes of schooling and on themselves as learners, the article explores the significance of the cultural context in which learning occurs. It considers the extent to which there are significant differences related to the national context, or whether pupils' experience of schooling is becoming more similar as they try to construct their identities as learners and as adolescents and to negotiate pathways which lead to success on the dimensions of academic achievement, peer status and social conformity. 'Constants' and 'contexts' of pupil experience in the three countries are identified, together with some of the factors which influence the development of a learner identity. 相似文献