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1.
Janette R. Hill Liyan Song Richard E. West 《The American journal of distance education》2013,27(2):88-103
Abstract Since the 1970s, cognitive psychological perspectives have dominated pedagogical frameworks and models for designing technology-mediated teaching and learning environments. More recently, social learning perspectives have received attention as viable or even desirable frames for research and practice related to teaching and learning, particularly in Web-based learning environments (WBLEs). In this article, the authors analyze these social learning perspectives and how they can be used in the design and implementation of online learning. This review and analysis of the research related to social learning perspectives on WBLEs provides several implications for future research and practice: (1) examining learners' individual characteristics in WBLEs, (2) identifying strategies for promoting social interaction in WBLEs, and (3) developing effective design principles for WBLEs. 相似文献
2.
Studying social dimensions of learning disabilities is not for the faint‐hearted, in light of the multiple and interactive characteristics of these students and their social/cultural environments. Given the allure of the risk/resilience lens to make sense of these complexities, it would be easy to embrace these concepts too hastily. Four questions seem particularly important: What do we mean by risk and resilience factors? How do we characterize learning disabilities as risk factors?“At risk” for what? How should this framework guide intervention efforts? Rigorous thinking about these issues may enhance the promise of risk/resilience models for future research on social development. 相似文献
3.
Ann W. Fales 《Educational gerontology》2013,39(4):315-329
Positive adaptation to the transition events of later life is a neglected area in the literature of gerontology and educational gerontology. Drawing on the literature of social and clinical psychology, gerontology, adult development, and adult education, as well as on original research findings, this paper formulates a model for viewing the transitions and losses of the aging process as opportunities for growth and self‐enhancement. Major categories of social‐psychological transition events are reviewed; the social‐psychological resources that aging individuals bring to these events are summarized; and three processes of adaptation to transition (grieving, stress management, and learning) are discussed in terms of their relevance to the problem. The usefulness of reflective learning as an adaptive strategy particularly appropriate to the later third of life is emphasized. Implications for further research and applications to practice are presented. 相似文献
4.
This paper describes a research tool which aims to gather data about pupils' views of learning and teaching, with a particular focus on their thinking about their learning (metacognition). The approach has proved to be an adaptable and effective technique to examine different learning contexts from the pupils' perspective, while also acting as an aid to reflective dialogue between pupils and teachers as part of the teaching and learning process. A range of templates have been created as psychological or semiotic tools. They form the basis of a mediated interview by providing an image of the learning environment or activity on which the research is focused. The image then becomes the stimulus for a three‐way interaction between the researcher (or the teacher), the pupil and the template. This paper provides examples from a number of research projects where the technique has been used to gather data in classrooms. 相似文献
5.
During the 1900s, the path to a PhD degree has seen many changes for both postgraduate students as well as their supervisors. The supervisor's duties have increased in scope and the demands made on PhD candidates have augmented. This paper deals with supervision as pedagogic method. Departing from a project aimed at studying ‘supervision on supervision’ through a programme including a special pedagogic model for learning, process‐oriented group supervision as a method of improving doctoral supervision is discussed. In the model used, the supervisors' relationships and the experiences form the basis for reflection process connected to, among others, communication theory and social‐psychological explanatory models. Pointing out the five requirements of trust, theories, tools, training and time, it is concluded that ‘supervision on supervision’ well may serve as a way of improving doctoral supervision. 相似文献
6.
Colin Griffin 《International Journal of Lifelong Education》2013,32(6):561-574
It has long been acknowledged that adult and lifelong educators have exercised little influence over national education policies. This article addresses the issue, with particular reference to the research elements of policy advocacy. Researchers and policy‐makers are distinguished and related as communities of practice and intellectual categories of social function. It is argued that the concept ‘policy‐maker’ is too ambiguous to be of either theoretical or practical use, especially since the focus has shifted over the years away from the advocacy of adult education to the implementation of lifelong learning. Also, the concepts of both ‘policy’ and ‘research’ have undergone significant shifts of meaning, so that traditional ideas of the relation between research and policy are now outdated. We live in an age of public scepticism about the political uses to which research is put, and this also needs to be taken into account in the case of lifelong learning. Thus, the relation between research and the policy process needs to be reconceptualised in a future beyond lifelong learning in order to be meaningful, with the focus much more upon process than outcome. Only in this way could adult and lifelong educators expect to have any influence upon national policies. 相似文献
7.
Peg Syverson 《Literacy》2008,42(2):109-117
This article refutes the common, persistent belief in literacy learning as a linear, sequential process best broken down into small steps that can be taught mechanically in order to produce timely, quantifiable ‘outcomes’, regardless of the vast diversity among learners, teachers, institutions of learning, communities, cultures, media and languages. This naïve and simplistic belief, which flies in the face of virtually all evidence from direct observation, research on literacy learning, evolutionary biology, cognitive science, psychological and social science research, neurophysiology, educational theory, public policy, anthropology and communication, nevertheless remains well entrenched, despite its destructive consequences. Presented here is the evidence in support of an alternative view, an ecological perspective which takes into account the complex ecosystems within which teachers and learners learn, adapt, interact, communicate and connect. Furthermore, it presents a sensible and humane model for documenting and assessing learning and teaching ecologically, the Learning Record. This model is well supported both theoretically and practically, with over 20 years of successful implementation for thousands of students at every level, from pre‐school to graduate school; in every discipline, from maths to biology to writing; and across diverse student populations, from inner‐city schools to reservation schools, migrant populations, students with disabilities and newly arrived English language learners. 相似文献
8.
Ana-Maria Bliuc Robert A. Ellis Peter Goodyear Daniela Muntele Hendres 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2011,26(3):417-433
This research focuses on understanding how socio-psychological dimensions such as student social identity and student perceptions
of their learning community affect learning at university. To do this, it integrates ideas from phenomenographic research
into student learning with ideas from research on social identity. In two studies (N = 110, and N = 97) the relationships between student social identity, perceptions of the learning community, approaches to learning, and
academic performance were explored. Our findings suggest that a strong student social identity is associated with a deep approach
to learning, which in turn is linked to higher academic performance. Also, perceptions of learning community mediate the relationship
between student social identity and deep approaches to learning. Significantly, a surface approach turns out not to be associated
with student social identity or perceptions of the learning community, but it is negatively related to academic performance.
Our research argues for the value of an integration of complementary frameworks, emphasising social and psychological aspects
of the learning experience that can be used to improve our understanding of how and why students vary in the quality of their
learning. 相似文献
9.
Wendy Luttrell 《International Journal of Research & Method in Education》2013,36(2):183-185
This paper is about teaching and learning across the so‐called quantitative–qualitative divide in light of current debates in the US about the definition and quality of educational research. It draws on the author’s research and teaching experiences, her role in the redesign of qualitative methods coursework and participation in a school‐wide effort to improve doctoral training at Harvard Graduate School of Education. The paper explores institutional, cultural and psychological reasons for why the quantitative–qualitative divide persists, including researchers’ own anxieties. It is argued that epistemological tensions in educational research should be sustained and embraced rather than resolved in favor of one side over the other, as is too often the case. The author identifies how qualitative research departs from the quantitative model, placing distinct demands upon students who are learning the craft, and offers suggestions for what might help the process. 相似文献
10.
《International Journal of Educational Research》2003,39(1-2):99-111
Research in Mexican and British schools provides an empirical basis for arguing that, by the use of certain kinds of interactional strategies, teachers can enable children to become more able in managing individual and joint reasoning and learning activities in the classroom.The research described is based on a sociocultural conception and analysis of education, which focuses on the ways that children can be inducted into the communicative and intellectual activities of the classroom as a ‘community of enquiry’. The research has provided (a) an account of strategies teachers use, and for relating teacher’s scaffolding to the interactive process of knowledge construction; (b) an analysis of ways that children talk when working together on joint activities; and (c) a practical method for promoting children’s effective collaboration, communication, reasoning and learning, successfully tested with British and Mexican primary school children. The results of the research are discussed in relation to a Vygotskian conception of the relationship between ‘intermental’ (social) and ‘intramental’ (psychological) development. 相似文献
11.
Models for optimizing and individualizing school learning 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Herbert J. Walberg 《Interchange》1971,2(3):15-27
Two psychological traditions—correlational studies of individual differences and experimental studies of stimulus variation—have failed to make educational research a useful applied science. The two traditions must be integrated within an emerging field of study—social environments of learning. Based on parsimony and predictability, two general models and seven special models are proposed that identify the empirically testable assumptions of instructional programs purporting to optimize or individualize school learning.
Résumé Deux traditions psychologiques—les études de correlation des différences individuelles et les études expérimentales de variation de stimulus—n'ont pas réussi à faire de la recherche éducationnelle une science appliquée utile. On devrait intégrer ces deux traditions dans un nouveau domaine d'études—les environnements sociaux d'études. Basés sur la parcimonie et la prédictabilité, deux modèles généraux et sept modèles spéciaux sont proposés afin d'identifier les assomptions des programmes instructionnels qu'on peut mettre à l'épreuve et qui visent à l'efficacité optimum ou à l'individualisation de l'apprentissage dans les écoles.相似文献
12.
Niki Lambropoulos Xristine Faulkner Fintan Culwin 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2012,43(2):295-306
In the last decade, we have seen the emergence of virtual learning environments. Initially, these environments were a little more than document repositories that tutor used unicast to the students. Informed in part by social constructivist theories of education, later environments included capabilities for tutor–student and student–student, synchronous and asynchronous communication. The initial research of this paper reports the typical low usage of these capabilities. The main research attempted to ameliorate this problem by the provision of tools to promote a sense of social awareness as self‐presence and copresence, and evaluation techniques to analyse e‐learners' interactions. Data was obtained from prepost questionnaires, log files and social network analysis which augmented the data provided by the tools embedded in Moodle. The results indicate the importance of social awareness in effective e‐learning; the quality of active participation can be increased by the use of associated tools. The e‐tutor's role is still pivotal to facilitate and to support such engagement towards collaborative learning. Implications for future research suggest that social awareness tools and evaluation techniques can create awareness cues in an interface with a potential impact on learning. 相似文献
13.
Lei Chang Miranda C. K. Mak Tong Li Bao Pei Wu Bin Bin Chen Hui Jing Lu 《Educational Psychology Review》2011,23(1):99-129
Much research has been conducted to document and sometimes to provide proximate explanations (e.g., Confucianism vs. Western
philosophy) for East–West cultural differences. The ultimate evolutionary mechanisms underlying these cross-cultural differences
have not been addressed. We propose in this review that East–West cultural differences (e.g., independent versus interdependent
self construal; autonomy versus harmony in values; hierarchical versus egalitarian relationships) result from social learning
and individual learning as primary means to adapt to the local environment. Historical and contemporary evidence from multiple
sources is reviewed that indicates smaller extents of environmental variability in East Asia including China than in Europe
and North America, favoring social learning in the East and individual learning in the West. Corresponding to these different
adaptive strategies, East–West differences stem from learning styles that differ between copying and rote memorization, on
the one hand, and critical thinking and innovative problem solving, on the other hand. These primary cultural differences
are correlated with such personality attributes as conformity, compliance, and independence that serve to facilitate social
or individual learning. This and other cross-cultural and educational psychological research is reviewed as evidence to support
our evolutionary explanation of why Eastern and Western cultures differ in the ways in which they do. 相似文献
14.
Sue Jackson 《International Journal of Lifelong Education》2013,32(1):51-73
This article draws a parallel between nineteenth‐ and twentieth‐century promotion of self‐help learning; it notes that aim and outcome can be socialization rather than social advancement, order if not autonomy; it indicates ill‐informed advocates can ask too much of the adult learner and give too little; it gives evidence that successful self‐help schemes have rarely if ever been based on self‐help alone. In all the article challenges the morality and financial wisdom of promoting a concept without a full understanding and consideration of both the concept and the adult learner. 相似文献
15.
Luke Rogers 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2011,42(4):608-615
Computer‐based clinical simulations are a powerful teaching and learning tool because of their ability to expand healthcare students' clinical experience by providing practice‐based learning. Despite the benefits of traditional computer‐based clinical simulations, there are significant issues that arise when incorporating them into a flexible, co‐operative and collaborative learning environment. Unlike traditional technologies; immersive multi‐user virtual environments such as Second Life can incorporate comprehensive learning materials with effective learning strategies, allowing healthcare students to obtain a simulated clinical experience in an immersive social environment. The purpose of this research was to investigate how a simulation could be optimised in Second Life to encourage teamwork and collaborative problem solving based on the habits, experiences and perceptions of nursing students towards Second Life as a simulation platform. The research was conducted by placing groups of nursing students in separate locations and exposing them to a series of clinical simulation developed in Second Life. The simulation involved a series of problem‐based scenarios, which incorporated concepts of technical skills, patient interaction, teamwork and situational awareness. Using qualitative feedback from a series of evaluative case studies, the study determined good practices and issues involved with a virtual computer‐based clinical simulation. A common theme which emerged from this research, which is discussed in this paper, was the student's ability to work in an artificial social structure where they could actively co‐construct mental models of technical and interpersonal skills through experiencing human interaction in a computer‐based simulated environment. 相似文献
16.
Roger Säljö 《Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research》2013,57(3-4):259-271
The relevance of psychological knowledge to education and learning has been recognized for long time. Educational psychology was thus, one of the first subdisciplines of applied psychology to emerge on the academic scene, and most scholars in the area — internationally as well as in the Nordic countries — have had a firm grounding in psychology. For a couple of decades or more during the second half of this century, educational psychology held a central position within education in most of the Nordic countries. Research within this field has been varied and vigorous. However, although psychological theories should be seen as important intellectual resources, it must be recognized that the relationship between a general discipline such as psychology and a particular area such as education is complex. Important problematics inherent in this relationship are illuminated and discussed in the contribution by Säljö on Sweden. It is argued, that recent attempts to develop a cultural psychology, explicitly recognizing the socio‐cultural nature of learning and other psychological processes, promise to pave the way for conceptions of human activities that are relevant to human concerns in general. The second article in this section, on Finland, contrasts with the first by focusing on educational research performed during the last few decades. This article describes trends in the content and methodologies of this research. The developmental orientation has been very strong in Finnish educational psychology during the whole of the post‐war period. Early research was highly influenced by a differential‐psychology approach, whereas later research has adopted social, motivational and cognitive frameworks. This article discuss the influential theoretical trends and developments. 相似文献
17.
《Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties》2013,18(4):165-174
Abstract Studies in several countries have indicated that students with specific learning difficulties (SpLD) tend to exhibit problems in social adjustment in addition to their difficulties in academic learning. It is often recommended that students with SpLD undergo social skills training as well as receive intensive remedial teaching. This study investigated the extent to which school‐related social adjustment problems were evident in a sample of Chinese students of primary school age who had been identified by an educational psychologist as having a specific learning difficulty. Data were collected by questionnaire from 34 students with SpLD (individually interviewed; oral administration), 167 students without learning problems (group administration; written form), and the 34 teachers of the students with SpLD. Results indicated that although the SpLD students rated themselves lower than the students without learning difficulties on several aspects of social adjustment there was no evidence to suggest that they had major problems in this area. The teachers rated the SpLD students lower than the students rated themselves on most aspects of social adjustment, but the ratings given by the teachers suggested that they too did not perceive the students as having major inadequacies in social adjustment. The findings are discussed, with particular reference to the methodological problems associated with the use of self‐reporting as a technique to obtain data in research involving primary school‐age students. 相似文献
18.
Evolutionary developmental psychology, an emerging subdiscipline of evolutionary approaches to human behavior and cognition, focuses on the adaptive nature of psychological mechanisms built into the brains of juveniles, some of which may serve immediate demands at different stages of development, and some of which serve preparatory roles for maturity. The current article reviews some of the central ideas of evolutionary developmental psychology and investigates how human educability, which is qualitatively different from the learning capacity of other species, is governed by specific adaptations of Homo sapiens' childhood that serve to orient the young child to his or her cultural environment. Evolutionary developmental psychology, we argue, can be especially informative to educational policy makers who wish to take children's natural limitations, as well as their intellectual pliability, into account when planning curricula. 相似文献
19.
教师要通过自己好的教学过程引起和培养学生的学习兴趣,而不是挫伤它。教师不仅是给学生传授知识,教师整个工作的目的是培养各方面都健全发展的人才。学生犯了错误要抱着宽容、理解的态度,要给以改正的机会,最好是引导其自觉改正。作为一名教师,应该专心敬业,老师的行为一定程度上会影响到学生将来的工作态度。而作为高校教师,要搞好教学必须身体力行,在科研上不断前进。这对学生也是一种示范,一种无言的教育。 相似文献
20.
目前我国高等学校尤其是民族院校,普遍存在选修课开设不合理、学生对选修课“选而不修、修而不学”、选修课人数过多、教学质量难以保证、选修课的考核方式过于简单等现象。必须努力为学生开设门类多样的选修课,创造便利的选课空间;对选修课的课程进行严格筛选：限制选修人数,规范考核制度;加强选修管理,充分发挥校园网作用等,使选修课尽快适应培养高素质综合型人才的需求,满足民族地区经济社会发展需要,为西部大开发服务。 相似文献