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1.
Governance is a means for realising institutional goals and in an ideal world should enable the institution to respond to the demands of the political environment by regulating its internal affairs accordingly. In the case of universities, not only is that environment increasingly differentiated but so also is the ability of universities to access it. Changes in state funding arrangements, accountability mechanisms, the contribution of the private sector, and the public definition of university education have placed numerous and varied pressures on institutions. Yet there is a studied reluctance by institutions to accept that their ability to respond to these pressures is equally variable, that they should tailor their ambitions to their capacities, and that their internal governance should be adapted using the principle of fitness for purpose. In the main, this is because the dominant ideological themes of higher education do not support the idea of distinct university functions of equal status. Rather, they encourage the erroneous belief that all universities are homogeneous in their functions – or, at least, that all have the potential to be homogeneous. 相似文献
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Kerry J. Kennedy 《Educational Research for Policy and Practice》2003,2(1):55-70
Governance is currently a key issue not only for higher education institutions but for society as a whole. The way organizations are managed, the directions they take and the values they hold send clear signals about their role and functions in society. For this reason, the governance structures of universities were unquestioned for most of the twentieth century. Yet in the final decades of that century significant changes were starting to be felt. The most important of these changes related to the way universities were viewed by governments. In particular, the role of universities in contributing to national economies was being recognized. Greater accountability and more intense scrutiny from the outside meant that the traditional values of universities were being challenged. The task of universities, and for society as a whole, is to develop strategies that will retain the best of what universities have traditionally stood for while responding positively to new pressures and priorities. This paper advances the concept of `deliberative partnerships' as one way to reconstruct university governance in a positive way for the future. Key Words: accountability, education policy, higher education, management, organizational efficiency, public sector, university governance 相似文献
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20世纪三四十年代我国高等教育史上所出现的"西南联合大学",秉承"学术自由、教授治校"的办学精神,培养了大批的杰出人才,成为中国高等教育至今所无法逾越的一个典范。在高等教育改革进行得如火如荼的今天,重新审视和研究"西南联合大学"的办学实践和经验,无疑会对我国当前的高等教育的发展提供有益的借鉴和启示。 相似文献
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明晰公立高校教师的法律地位，是国家教育行政部门管理监督高校教师、配置高校教师权利义务的前提和基础，也是构建我国高等教育法律体系的重要一环。当前，国家教育行政部门已经将公立中小学教师定性为“国家公职人员”，但却未明确公立高校教师的法律地位。通过考察公立高校教师法律地位的域外理论变迁及国内学说演变，发现高校教师兼具公权与私权双重性质，即一方面需要接受国家的管理，代表国家履行教育职能，另一方面还承担着学术创新的重要职能。为此，我国可借鉴美国公立高校教师的“公务雇员”属性，来定义公立高校教师法律地位，并借此对公立高校教师的权利义务、法律责任等进行重构。 相似文献
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《Peabody Journal of Education》2013,88(2):18-40
The first step toward the introduction and development of university education in Kenya was taken in 1961, when the then Royal College, Nairobi, was elevated to university college status under a special arrangement with the University of London. However, it was not until 1970 that the University College of Nairobi attained university status. Although comparatively young, state universities in Kenya have accomplished a lot. They accomplished their initial mission of producing adequate human resources for the civil service, national corporations, and the private sector; graduated thousands of students; and helped foster an intellectual community in the country. In just 30 years, public higher education has expanded from a single university (the University of Nairobi) to the current 6 public universities: Nairobi, Moi, Kenyatta, Egerton, Jomo Kenyatta, and Maseno. In spite of this growth, public universities in Kenya have faced enrollments beyond their capacity to plan and finance, fiscal challenges beyond their control, a decline in quality beyond their anticipation, and weak management practices beyond their level of training. To help solve some of these problems, private universities have increasingly emerged and gained ground in the country as an alternative route to higher education provision. This article seeks to examine some of the trends, prospects, and challenges to the emergence and development of private university education in Kenya. 相似文献
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吴锦旗 《山西师大学报(社会科学版)》2011,38(1)
教授治校是一种源自于西方的大学内部管理模式,中国的大学教育在向西方学习的过程中,移植、借鉴了教授治校制度。它先是由北大开始,后来在清华大学被发扬光大,清华大学的教授治校制度能够长期延续和维持,是有其特定的历史情境和内在原因的。教授治校制度直到今天仍然是大学改革的方向。 相似文献
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This article addresses problems facing universities because of external pressures for changes in their teaching, research, and governance and management policies and practices to align them with public policies. The view is put that governments are introducing public policies in times of economic recession to achieve rationalisation of human, physical and financial resources in higher education and to foster initiatives that shape university teaching and research to serve the needs of society and assist in national economic recovery. Examples of these external pressures, which have resulted in intrusions into the autonomy of university governance and management, are provided in the context of general system theory. It is assumed that the pressure of public policies on universities will continue and that each university should have a development plan for its present and future teaching and research activities, which has the endorsement of the government higher education advisory agency so that university management can function on a secure basis. The effectiveness and efficiency of functioning at the various levels of the university system should be assessed by periodic evaluative reviews. The quality of management by academic leaders should be fostered by the establishment of national centres for the study of higher education management and policy. The relationship between government higher education advisory agencies and universities should be renegotiated so that, as interdependent and interrelated parts of the higher education system, they work in joint co-operation to ensure the most effective and appropriate development of each institution. Nevertheless, a state of equilibrium between the university system and the supra (social) system within which it exists will never fully be achieved. The fundamental role and functions of a university require that it be concerned with teaching and researching both ageless and current phenomena. Hence, a perfect equilibrium state cannot exist if external social pressures are for the main weight of university activities to be shifted to providing service for the current needs of society. 相似文献
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我国公办高校章程制定是作为＂依法治校＂的基本问题提出来的。近些年来,在教育部的倡导与支持下,各级公办高校开始陆续起草与出台章程。文章主要分析在现行高等教育法律框架内,公办高校制定＂大学章程＂需要考虑的几个基本法律问题,并指出：我国公办高校的章程,当属行政机构组织法或准行政机构组织法,其制定工作须依据立法程序进行。在章程制定过程中,需要充分考虑公办高校自身的法律属性,准确揭示＂章程＂的内涵,使学校与政府之间权责明确,让政府行政权归位,从而保证＂依法治校＂原则的实现。 相似文献
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Gerald Wangenge-Ouma 《European Journal of Education》2012,47(2):213-227
This article examines the emergence of the public university in Kenya as a key provider of private higher education, characterised mainly by the phenomenon of the “private public university student.” It probes the broader socio-economic reforms circumscribing the privatisation of Kenya's public universities and the local and global forces responsible for these reforms. From the enrolment patterns of Kenya's public universities, where state-subsidised students are becoming a diminishing minority and where a range of exclusive programmes for private students (mainly taught in the evenings) are a growing trend, it may be argued that a new kind of private university is emerging; namely, private universities owned by public universities. 相似文献
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Uganda's Makerere University and the University of Dakar in Senegal were for many years after independence among Africa's premier universities. Today, their facilities have visibly deteriorated and the quality of instruction the institutions provide is seriously threatened — the consequence of political and economic turmoil combined with persistent underfunding. If higher education remains supply-driven without reference to available resources, the problems of Makerere and the University of Dakar can only increase and become even more unmanageable. The governments of Senegal and Uganda are being encouraged by donors to undertake reforms to revitalize the university sector. However, it will not be possible to reform financing of public higher education, or to carry out many other reforms, unless the universities have more administrative and financial autonomy. Strategies for reforming higher education systems in these countries are proposed requiring a shift from government participation in the governance of public universities and in matters affecting their enrolments and utilization of resources to more indirect forms of control. Nevertheless, the policy implications for Senegal and Uganda are very different. In Senegal, measures to increase autonomy must be articulated with a larger role for the state in regulating the flow of students to university, rationalizing the programs of different institutions and restricting students' eligibility for support. In Uganda, there is need for greater government co-ordination of public and private investments in higher education and significant devolution of control of public universities.McGill University, Education and Employment Division, Population and Human Resources Department, The World BankEducation and Employment Division, Population and Human Resources Department, The World Bank 相似文献
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在过去的30年中，西班牙的高等教育经历了许多变化。在1983年，由于人们对私立大学的合法性的认可开始了高等教育的竞争状态。1998年以来，由于学生人数的减少以及人们对高等教育需求的下降，进一步推进了高等教育的改革。2001年，西班牙政府颁布了一项新制度以推动公立大学的市场化行为和私有化运行。尽管目前来评价这些变化的作用可能为时尚早，因为大学公共资金拨付制度仍保留不变，而这是今后需要调整的关键问题，这样才能为高等教育提供真正的竞争条件。虽然市场已经进入到西班牙高等教育领域中，但是公立大学源源不尽的公共资金将是阻止一个真正公平竞争的市场形成的一股巨大的力量。 相似文献
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Kathleen Knight Abowitz 《Educational theory》2016,66(1-2):181-197
At current rates, almost all U.S. public universities could reach a point of zero state subsidy within the next fifty years. What is a public university without public funding? In this essay, Kathleen Knight Abowitz considers the future of public universities, drawing upon the analysis provided in John Dewey's Democracy and Education. Knight Abowitz conducts an initial institutional analysis through two broad prisms: that of the political landscape that authorizes universities as public institutions, and that of the present political–economic context of public education in general and public universities in particular. Dewey's conception of democratic education is then explored; his arguments regarding aims, experience, thinking, and social intelligence provide important tools for imagining the democratic futures of public universities today. 相似文献
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胡莉芳 《北京师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2012,(4):29-36
现代大学提供公共教育、传承公共知识,已经从私人场所转变成为一个公共机构。大学行政部门公共性弱化,科层管理异化为行政力量的过于强势,其本质是大学管理公共性的缺失。大学管理公共性的缺失可以引起大学公共性基于现实问题和公共性的要求,我国现代大学治理的核心是要提升大学管理公共性。具体而言,就是要在公共利益、民主管理、多方参与的治理理念指导下,从政府管理和大学内部治理两个层面提供更好的高等教育基本公共服务。政府提供高等教育基本公共服务的模式包括培育专业教育中介机构、完善国家教育基本标准、发挥数据和信息服务作用、进行教育问责等;大学提供更好的基本公共服务则要从校长职业顶层设计起步,加强"校长"岗位的制度设计,包括明确任职要求、公开遴选程序、规范职责、制定任期和薪酬体系、形成制衡机制、设立校长卸任机制等。 相似文献
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美国科罗拉多州在2005～2006学年正式实施高等教育券计划,政府对高等学校不再直接拨款,进入公立大学的学生可以获得每年2 400美元面值的教育券;申请进入政府指定的3所私立大学的学生,可以得到每年1 200美元面值的教育券。在美国,这是除退伍军人教育券外,第一个针对普通大学生的教育券计划。该计划颠覆了政府对大学的传统的直接拨款模式,一方面促进了公立大学的竞争,充分利用了现有的高等教育资源和经费;另一方面也加大了对私立大学的支持力度。 相似文献
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New politics of higher education: Hidden and complex 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Guy Benveniste 《Higher Education》1985,14(2):175-195
Public universities in the United States are in a changed political environment, resulting from past enrollment growth and increased budget needs, centralization, the routinization of state-university relations, government budget uncertainty, and the emergence of strong competing claims on state or federal monies. The author argues that centralized government intervention is carried through technocratic approaches that mask the political forces at work. The article discusses characteristics of government intervention such as: buffer groups, formulas and data monopoly. It suggests these technocratic approaches hide the political weakness of the public universities. These, in turn, have been weakened. In conclusion, three new trends are suggested: (1) public universities will seek to do with less government support - that is, the privatization of some American public university services; (2) they will seek to increase government's or society's dependency on what it is the public universities do - that is, making universities more immediately useful to government and society; and (3) they will increasingly organize political coalitions both inside and outside the universities. This last strategy implies greater collaboration between faculty, students and university administrators and between higher education, the public schools and other potential allies. 相似文献
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The impact of new public management instruments on PhD education 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
New public governance emphasises less state, more market and more hierarchy as the cornerstones for effective steering of
higher education institutions. Based on an explorative analysis of qualitative and quantitative data of fourteen German and
European economics departments, we investigate the steering effects of six new public management instruments in the years
2001 and 2002 on subsequent placement success of PhD graduates. Using crisp set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to analyse
the data, our results deliver strong support for the positive effects of competition for resources and the varying effects
of hierarchy on PhD education. Governance of successful departments is characterised by two solutions: transparency over academic achievements as one single success factor in each solution or a combination of additional
funding based on national competitive performance with either no
public policy regulations for departments or no
university regulations for departments. Governance of unsuccessful departments is characterised by one solution: university
regulations for departments or a combination of no
additional
funding based on national
competitive performance and no
transparency over academic achievements. Our results strengthen the strong impact of selected competitive mechanisms as an effective governance instrument and the
partially detrimental effects of state regulations. University regulations turn out to be successful if they increase transparency
over academic achievements by faculty members. Success is unlikely if those rules intervene into PhD education. 相似文献
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大学排名的产生、演化及其治理，有其特定的市场逻辑。出于政府、高校以及社会公众在大学综合信息占有上的非对称性，这些利益相关者演化为大学排名的首要需求者。当社会过分依赖排名识别高校办学水平信息、政府更多依据排名结果配置高等教育资源时，大学排行榜逐步完成了“知识—物品—商品”的属性转变，大学排名也成了既受追捧又受诟病的商品生产，迫使政府和公众在大学排名上做出无奈化决策和模糊化认同，高校在大学排名中予以选择性参与。要求得大学排名由“乱”向“治”的转变，需要在更好发挥政府作用的基础上，以市场规律为核心优化大学排名资源配置，统合行业自律和政府引导，实施“排名机构成长专业化”和“高等教育治理现代化”的统筹发力。 相似文献
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李春华 《成都教育学院学报》2007,21(4):34-36
文章列举了大学生在就业过程中出现的种种诚信问题,分析了造成此现象的原因,提出了营造良好的社会氛围,加强大学生诚信教育的认识,树立正确的用人观念,完善招聘制度,健全高校的监督制度等有效对策,以切实解决大学生就业过程中的诚信问题. 相似文献
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＂新大学＂的核心价值体现在一种全新的高等教育类型,作为大众化高等教育的产物,它应该区别于传统精英高等教育,既是人才培养上一种新的规格,又是在办学理念上对传统的一种突破和挑战,也是大学经营、管理体制上的新模式,更是对＂社会需求＂,而非＂学术需求＂的响应。作为新型大学的代表,美国的州立大学和赠地学院、英国的新大学在管理体制、运行模式等方面比起传统大学均有很大程度上的变革和创新。国内目前对＂新大学＂的研究只是停留在办学定位、发展模式、学科建设、师资队伍等大学内部制度建立上,借鉴发达国家的不同时期出现的面向经济社会培养应用型人才的新型大学制度,从分类管理角度出发,探索应用型大学的发展路径,建立现代大学制度,逐步推进政校分开、管办分离。 相似文献